Conflict between Trade Unions and Management Essay

According to Fox, a manager should have an alternative ‘frame of reference’ that will help in analysing employee relations. Many managers use unrealistic ‘frames of reference’ that end up distorting the existing facts thus making solutions very elusive. Fox further explains that there is the need to develop an efficient and effective frame of reference that can view industrial relation conflicts in a realistic manner offering proper solutions (1966. Pp. 34). Fox is against some unrealistic ideologies that are used by managers to serve their interests forgetting the needs of employees. According to him workplace ideologies cannot and will never solve conflicts at the work place. Ideologies should be in a position to persuade, self reassure and legitimise work-related issues. It is clear that Fox was against the Unitarists’ view and was in support of Pluralism. According to Fox, the ideology that defines Unitarism is being abandoned because of its incongruent nature of reality (1966, pp.38). Unitarism and Pluralism UnitarismAccording to Fox, there exist two frames of reference, namely Unitarists and pluralist perspectives. Unitarism view conflict as very unnatural and something out of the ordinary, hence its abnormal nature. The Unitarists, as a result, try to eliminate conflicts that exist in the workplace. Unitarists believe clashes in the workplace arise due to poor management and lack of proper communication. Managers with poor communication and administration skills are to blame for any conflicts that result from the workplace. However, other conflicts may also be as a result of few employees that want to start trouble and chaos at the workplace (1966, p. 17). According to Fox, the main elements of Unitarism include a single authority in a Company that has no opposition at all (1966, p.7). In addition, they agree that the organizational managers’ role is to encourage employees to remain loyal and committed to the Organization (Budd et al., 2004, pp. 36). Lastly according to Collins et al. (2005, pp. 23), Unitarists believe that organizations mainly function as teams and, as a result, they have mutual goals to achieve. It means that they have no conflicts of interest among them including between managers and employees. Unitarism support the joining of hands between the managers and employees to achieve shared goals, values, vision and interests as the managers lead by example through active leadership to help in attaining set goals. They believe that conflicts in an organisation negatively affect its operations leading to disloyalty leading to the impairment of many Companies. They believe that the Government is autonomous and should shape the systems in industrial relations. Pluralism According to Collins et al. (2005, pp.987), Pluralists suggests that an organisation has many stakeholders involved in decision-making and pushing their interests. Conflicts, in such environments is standard and cannot be avoided thus the need for managers to handle it in an amicable manner. Pluralists support collective bargaining. According to Fox (1992, p 9), Trade unions do not introduce conflicts in organizations but the conflicts are endemic. If conflicts are handled well, both stakeholders will benefit, and collective bargaining is the path to take. Managers can even become creative in containing conflicts by reaching best agreements and creating very efficient methods of addressing the issues. Conflict in the labour market Conflict is defined as a discontent that comes from a perceived collision of individuals’ or groups interests and desires, when everyone takes a different expression or opinion. Conflicts in the labour market are unavoidable, but if well managed by the involved stakeholders, it can lead to improved performance. Industrial conflict often occurs when the workers are expressing their frustrations with their leaders in management over the way current affairs are being run in the organization. The main causes of conflicts include disagreeing on salary payment, wage increment and remunerations as stated in the employment contracts. Forms of conflict Employees may choose to express their dissatisfaction either in a formal or informal manner depending on the issue being raised. Formal methods of expressing dissatisfaction are well planned and organised in advance while Informal ones occur spontaneously and have no organisation taking the managers by surprise. Types of organised/ Formal conflicts Strikes According to Collins et al. (2005, pp.117), a strike occurs when an employee temporarily withdraws his/her services, an action that is against the employment contract. Strikes are formal industrial conflicts that are organised by respective trade unions that represent workers in various organisations. Trade unions represent the employees to ensure that their working conditions and payments are abiding by the laid down rules. During strikes, trade unions try to eliminate any possible alternative that employers can use to get services denied by the employees. A strike will continue until the top leadership in the organisation address the matter at hand, addressing the issues that caused it in the first place. Work-to –rule According to Budd et al, (2005, pp.44), Work-to –rule is a formal conflict in labour relations where the employees observe all the legal conditions in their employment contracts and deliberately refuse to use their initiative by acting rigidly and like machines that have already been programmed. An example may include nursing staff who refuses to answer Doctor’s calls because it is not included anywhere in the employment contract. Another example may involve a stenographer that refuses to change the grammatical errors committed by her employer because her primary role is only to transcribe. Work-to –rule is not illegal; therefore no employee can be punished, despite it slowing down performance progress in the organisation Protests and demonstrations Workers may also demonstrate against management’s action to undermine their rights. Demonstrations are legal as long as the employees observe the federal laws. Demonstrations may be organised by trade unions representing the employees. Types of unorganised/ informal conflicts Absenteeism According to Collins et al. (2005, pp.124), absenteeism is an informal conflict in the workplace where workers deliberately refuse to go to work. However, absenteeism may not be an industrial conflict because employees may fail to report to work because of many varied reasons for sickness or injury. When employees fail to go to work and they do not give grounds for the absenteeism either prior or after; then it is considered to be an informal conflict. Absenteeism reduces revenue and productivity of organizations, hence management need to come up with strategies that will avoid it. Sabotage Sabotage is a deliberate damage of employees’ reputation and production by employees as a means of expressing their grievances. Workers may choose to slow down production, disable machines used in processing, slander the Company or directly destroy the firm’s property. Most employees that carry out sabotage hide themselves but are willing to avail themselves when the pressure hits up. Resignation Many employees may choose to resign from their positions and even head to the rivalry company as a result of a protest against certain management practices. It may affect the reputation of the Company or even make the firm loose its competitive nature due to losing best employees to their competitor. Theft Employees may choose to steal from their employer as a protest for poor payment. Workers may organise to steal organisations’ consignment meant for their clients or Production purposes ruining their reputation. Legal regulation of conflict in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom labour laws describe strikes as illegal and, as a result ;nobody is allowed to conduct a strike. However, employees can express their grievances through their trade unions or Labour relations as stated in the Consolidation Act 1992 (TULRCA 1992). Any employees taking part in a strike are required to give a notice to the affected employee and get its members to ballot; if they get a majority vote then the industrial action can go on.Legislations in the United Kingdom labour laws that focus on employee rights are in support for Individualism as compared to collectivism Jurisdictions. Individual Conflicts According to Collins et al, (2005, pp.1024), any organization that is aiming at improving its operations need to minimise the individual conflicts at the place of work. Good managers can also turn the individual conflicts to benefit the firm by understanding every employee. Managers can conduct feedback and interactive sessions as well as face-face meetings with its employees. In addition, every manager should understand the dislikes and likes of his staff including their strong and weak points. Leaders should learn to value their employees’ opinions to make them feel valued. They can go ahead and give leave days to employees that look frustrated and tired. When an employee is found to have committed an offence it is very crucial for the managers to handle the disciplinary action with uttermost care. How to resolve individual conflicts Discipline is an action taken against a person that has failed to confine ton the rules set by a Company of where he works. Grievance on the other hand is a condition on employment terms that appear contrary to the stated rules in individual or collective contracts. It is important for the employees to ensure that: Employees understand what their standard of performance and conduct is and the consequences of failing to meet the standards. Managers should identify the obstacles that can make employees not to meet the standards and look for solutions. Both employees and employers should agree on objectives and timeframe to achieve. Employer should resolve a dispute using the employment tribunal If an employee is dismissed the manager should be able to prove to the tribunal that the due process was followed (Clegg, 1979, pp. 21). Collective conflicts According to Collins et al., (2005, pp.24), Individual employees face many problems like low wages, lack of incentives and poor working environment. Even though, the workers face the problems individually, they cannot attract the managers’ attention due to lack of bargaining power. When trade unions address the issues, then it becomes a collective conflict, and it increases the bargaining power of the employees rather than solving a case by case scenario. Trade unions play a significant role in collective conflicts by increasing the bargaining strength of workers in various employment situations collectively. Collective bargaining assists employees in presenting their grievances and ensures that management does not take a unilateral step or decision. Conflict resolution mechanism It is important for management to realize that conflicts at the place of work are inevitable. Employers and employees will always have issues especially in relation to employment contracts and wage payments. Management should come up with an employment tribunal that will deal with the problems whether individual or collective. When some of the conflicts are so complicated, there is the need for mediation to take place as soon as possible. Employers need to address issues at the workplace as quickly as possible. Postponing will only make the situation more complicated. Mediation helps a lot in solving conflicts before they become more complex. It provides a neutral ground fro employer and employees’ to discuss their issues and come up with solutions that are mutual. Mediation should encourage open communication and should be done by professionals that can develop solutions. According to Collins et al., (2005, pp.124), leaders should define to their employees what protocols to observe to reduce conflicts. It is important for them to create a framework that will encourage good business practices, team building, and talent management. A manager should clearly state actions that will not be tolerated. In addition, it is important for organisations to hit conflicts facing them head-on. Employers should seek out issues that will bring conflicts and intervene as soon as possible. This will help avoid some conflicts from coming up. Clegg believes that before solving conflicts it is essential for every party to understand the ‘what’s in it for me’ factor. It is very critical for all sides ton understand the motivation of others before trying to resolve the conflict. Avoiding conflicts by helping others achieve their objectives will provide a platform to conflict resolution (1979, pp. 22). Stakeholders in conflict resolution in the labour market Trade Unions and Employees. According to Trade Union & labour Relations (Consolidated Act 1992) a trade union is an organisation with workers as its members, whose primary function is to regulate the relationship between employees and employers or Employers’ Unions. The main purpose of a trade union is to protect and promote the interests of their workers who are their members.Trade unions try to get highest wage payment for its members and influence the rules and regulations that govern employment. In addition, they work as employees’ source of power as they control the government to formulate laws that benefit the employee. According to Budd et al. (2004, pp. 26), employers need to recognise trade unions because they provide a mechanism at the place of work that improves communication. It also helps to regulate employee-employer relationship. In addition trade, unions maintain active employment culture in labour relations. Most employers, however resist trade unions because the pose a challenge to the authority of the leaders in the organisation causing potential disruption of work at the firm. Some unions may not be willing to co-operate promoting rise in strikes and strives. Many managers prefer other useful channels of addressing employees’ grievances than use of trade unions. The Government Trade Union and labour relations (Consolidated) (1992, p. 108), defines the government as a state of the day, including the other agencies that perform their will through implementation of labour policies and their legislation. The government may be an employer, income regulator, rule formulator, manpower moderator or the protector of employees, thus the wide responsibility. The employer According to Fox (1966, p. 6) the employer is responsible for supplying its workforce with employment contracts that are favourable and abide by the labour laws in the United Kingdom. At the same time, they should provide a working environment that is beneficial to the employee. As much as their primary goal is to maximise profits it is important for the employer to mind the needs of a worker. Budd et al. believes that the company should acknowledge trade unions and use them as opportunities to move to the next level. Trade unions push employees’ agenda and if companies can use the issues raised to benefit the employee then performance will improve automatically as most employees will feel satisfied (2004 pp. 14). Conclusion Organisational conflict, trade unions, Governments, employers and collective bargaining are critical areas of interest in labour relations. Fox’s views on unitarism and pluralism clearly bring out the conflicts that arise at the workplace. According to Fox, the Unitarism perspective explains that what benefits the employee will automatically benefit the employer and conflict should not be taken as a typical phenomenon. According to the Unitarists, many managers and workers see their organisation in a unitary shape and are impressed with existing situations. The pluralists have an opposite view, however, arguing that what benefits the Company disadvantages’ the employees with the reverse being true. They believe that the interests of workers are very different from those of the employer. Due to the existence of poor labour laws, powerful Multinationals and desperate competition of employees, there exist weak employment conditions. In order to have a balance among the competing parties in the working relationship, Fox explains that firms need to go for the pluralist view as the most efficient and effective mechanism for solving conflicts that cannot be avoided. The frame of reference developed by Fox embraces the interests of both parties hence its relevance to the present society. Conflicts can either be organised or informal with strikes, absenteeism, sabotage and work-to –rule being the most common. Many organisations should come up with mechanisms to solve both the individual and collective conflicts appropriately to avoid affecting their operations. There is the need for the Government, employees, employers and Trade unions to work together to ensure that conflicts are handled in a mature manner. References Budd, J. et al. (2004), â€Å"Why A Balance Is Best: The Pluralist Industrial Relations Paradigm Of Balancing Competing Interests†, Industrial Relations Research Association, Research Volume. Pp. 12-48. Clegg, H. A. (1979). â€Å"The Changing System of Industrial Relations in Great Britain†. Oxford University press: Blackwell. Pp. 17-37. Collins, H. Keith, Ewing, & Aileen McCoglan. (2005). â€Å"Labour Law: Text and Materials 2nd Edition, Kogan Publishers: London. PP 1-1100. Commons, J.R. (1919), â€Å"Industrial Goodwill†. McGraw-Hill: New York. Pp.125-193 Flanders, Management & Unions, pp. 172 (08/10/10) Edwards, P. (2010). â€Å"The Employment Relationship†, pp.11-12 Fox, A. (1966). â€Å"Industrial Sociology and Industrial Relations†. Donovan: London Publishers: London, pp. 1- 187. Commission Research Paper No. 3, HMSO, London. Kochan, T. (1980). â€Å"Collective Bargaining and Industrial Relations: From Theory to Policy and Practice†. Homewood, Ill. Irwin: London pp.41-128. Slides, Perspectives on Industrial Relations, Sept 2010 (08/10/10) http://pesona.mmu.edu.my (10/10/10) http://works.bepress.com (08/10/10) http://www.legacy-itc.csomumn.edu/faculty/jbudd/research/buddgomezmeltz.pd (08/10/10) Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992. https://www.google.co.ke/?gws_rd=ssl#. Source document

Communication and Professional Relationships Essay

Unit 203 Communication and Professional Relationships with children, young people and adults. When dealing with children you need to take into account their age and stage of development. Different ages require different levels of attention and support. When dealing with small children you need to remember that they are still developing their language skills and may need help communicating. When talking to them you need to get down to their level so that you don’t feel intimidating. You will need to listen to them and tell them to take turns while speaking, you also need to be clear when talking to them and make sure they understand what you have said by making them repeat it back to you. Small children tire quickly and cannot concentrate for long periods of time. Children in Ket Stage 2 are starting to mature and can communicate a lot better, they are able to hold a conversation and will invite others to talk first. In some cases you will still need to remind them to wait and take their turn when speaking. Older children who are in Key Stage 3 and 4 are able to communicate more freely with each other and adults, they are able to use technology which they use to stay in touch with each other. Sometimes teenagers become self-conscious and embarrassed when they have to talk with adults, so you need to give them time and encouragement to regain their confidence. Your own behaviour has a big impact on the children you work with, children always take the lead from the adults around them and how they interact with others. You cannot expect a child to behave in a certain way if you as an adult don’t. We can only ask a child to behave if we do it ourselves; this makes it easier for them to understand boundaries of what is acceptable. Children of different ages communicate differently depending on their age and level of understanding. Some might need extra encouragement where others need more physical contact. As they get older they learn to communicate in different ways so you will need to adapt your vocabulary accordingly. Children that have communication difficulties need to be able to take their time when speaking so they don’t feel pressured. You need to adapt to their individual needs and communicate according to that. Some children have a speech disorder or they may stammer so you should let them take their time when speaking and try not to fill in the words for them as this will add to their distress. You may need some special training such as British Sign language so you are able to communicate better; some children have special educational needs so you might need additional equipment in order to communicate with them. There are not many differences when communicating with adults and children, you need to always maintain eye contact and respond to what they are saying. You should treat them all with courtesy and respect. However when you communicate with children you need to remember that they need to see you in a formal role. You always need to be clear in what you say and they should know what is expected of them. You shouldn’t use complicated language which makes it difficult for them to grasp. Adults need to show children how to communicate and get on with others we need to show them how to value and respect others so they can do the same. Children always copy adults be it in a negative or positive way. You need to show respect for others and acknowledge what they are saying and thank them for their contribution. When communicating with children there are a number difficulties may arise, these may be because of the special needs of the learner, different attitudes towards learning of different beliefs. When working with children or young people with special needs you will need to take your time and not rush them so that they don’t feel under pressure. People who use sign language may not have many opportunities to speak and might become nervous. When poor communication arises between adults this often leads to conflicts this may be because of communication difficulties or misunderstandings. The best way to resolve this is by discussing the problems so it does not happen again. The longer these misunderstandings are left unresolved the more difficult they may be to put right. People of different cultures have different expectations, in some cultures eye contact is not permitted so those pupils may not pick up on the non-verbal cues and another way to communicate will be needed. If a child lacks confidence they might act in an aggressive manner if they are unsure about something. You need to adapt the way you communicate with the learner’s individual needs. The lack of communication also leads to disagreements this may happen if information is misread or perceived wrongly, we sometimes blame others for saying things we don’t agree with. When this happens it needs to be managed carefully so that there are no hard feelings afterwards. You must never be drawn into an argument with child however hard this may be. If a child is arguing with you, you will need to manage it carefully and seek advice from another member of staff. The legal requirements and procedures regarding data protection are: Every Child Matters (England 2003) based on Children Act 2004. This stresses the importance of sharing information between professionals. Data Protection Act 1998. In schools parents are asked a lot of personal information regarding their child e. g. health and medical information, records from other schools or records for children with special education needs. This information must only be used if needed. The Freedom of Information Act The Freedom of Information Act gives you the right to ask any public sector organisation for all the recorded information they have on any subject. Anyone can make a request for information – there are no restrictions on your age, nationality or where you live. There are many reasons to need information on a child or an adult but this information cannot be shared without the parents’ consent. If there is reason to believe that the child is at risk of harm by the parent or there are legal reasons then the information can be shared. If you attend meetings and are told confidential information then you need to keep it to yourself. You need to reassure the children that the information you have will remain confidential. If a child has a medical condition such as asthma and epilepsy then there should be a system is place to share this information with other adults in the school. In some cases there are photos of children in the dining room who have allergies to certain foods but the photographs will need to be removed if the premises are used by others in the evenings.

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BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 1 Case Assignment - Essay Example They have a well stretched network covering almost places in North America and United Kingdom housed just there. The company faced great success during its tenure over the past couple of years which was result of great devotion and dedication of a hardworking staff and consistently managing high standards of quality at a fairly acceptable price. Organic food is eco friendly and plays its part to reduce pollution as well as save water and mineral soil. It also helps in maintaining your health and provides a safe and nutritional food intake leading to a healthy digestive tract therefore this approach has led to the consumption of organic and natural food thereby increasing the sales of whole foods which is a great competitor for all others organic and natural foods in the mainstream market (Staff, 2012). Whole foods market has maintained its standard and has influenced the mindsets of many by diverting them towards nutrition filled healthy food. They are well known for their freshness a good example of their maintaining quality is that even the flowers they are selling are fresh and their scent can be smelt as soon as one enters their store. Another example of how they have revolutionized the conventional style of growing banana's; they have converted it to a proper science by studying the change of colors to deal with it life cycle yet maintaining its freshness. They sell everything fresh without any delay in delivering the food from the farms to the markets. Even their packed ready to go meals are really fresh (Lindstrom, 2011). The mission of whole foods market is to provide their customers with a hustle free shopping experience, to play its part in helping and caring about the community and preservation of nature, they intend to develop good habits of eating and enlightens through education to all its stakeholders, provide healthy and good quality of organic foods and developing continuing win-win deals or partner based relation with their providers. The core values of whole foods market are primarily based on five main components: firstly standard quality and their ongoing efforts to carry on with them. Secondly, to produce only organic form of food without any harmful chemicals used. Thirdly, producing ecologically certified sea food, which has "Responsibly Farmed" label which clearly indicates that it’s the highest quality which restricts use of growth developing hormones, antibiotics etc. to ensure good standards. Fourth is that they couldn’t compromise on quality by using proper breeding techniques and not incorporating such harmful methods which tend to be inorganic. Lastly, they are firm believers in community service leading to prosperity and happiness by changing lives globally (Drell, 2012). The important information related to the shares of whole foods market is described here, industry capital is $k 16,923,590 whereas the arrears remaining on shares are $k 185,520, those internal stakeholders are 8.8% and insti tutes which are stakeholders are 79.98%. It was observed that the return and growth in percentage fluctuated the following ways (it should be kept in mind that it is the percent change) the return for the first year was 14.76% and the fifth year growth by the generated revenue was 77.48%. The third year return was 84.23% and the growth in the five year earning tenure became 96.15%. It is surprising that the fifth year for the return became 156.13%

Press Kit Format - How to Make a Proper Press Kit for Events Essay Example for Free

Press Kit Format How to Make a Proper Press Kit for Events Essay The materials that make up a press kit are usually assembled in a standard two-pocket folder. Choose folders that have slots for your business cards, and in a color that complements your companys printed literature. Press kit materials typically used include the following information pieces: Insert, on the right side of the folder, from front to back: †¢ Business Card Place a copy of the contact persons business card in the slot inside the folder, usually on the right inside flap. †¢ Press Release Announce your big news! A press release contains information in printed form, is written like a newspaper story and is issued to media representatives and reporters. †¢ Article Reprints Samples of past press coverage your company or the person in the news release has received can help sell the newsworthiness of your story. †¢ Copies of Speeches or Presentations given in association with your company or business can also make an impression. Insert, on the left side of the folder, from front to back: †¢ Photographs typically a 5x7 black and white glossy photo of your product or a person mentioned in your press release †¢ Company Profile and Fact Sheets A concise summary of your companys history, initiatives and goals, including a description of your products and services. If you are introducing a new product or service, include a separate fact sheet highlighting its features and benefits. †¢ Testimonials and Case Studies Positive statements or success stories about your business and its products and services from satisfied customers and clients can illustrate your companys significance. †¢ Biographies Profiles of yourself and key employees provide details about the people behind the business. †¢ Statistical Data Charts, graphs and line art can help illustrate your story. Some companies include a comparison chart of their products and services compared to their closest competitors. †¢ Brochures, Catalogues, Newsletters or other Business Literatur e Smaller brochures may be placed in front of other materials.

Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital Defects

Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital Defects A report of Joubert syndrome in an infant, with literature review ABSTRACT Joubert Syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) are a group of rare autosomal recessive disorders with a hallmark molar tooth sign (MTS) visible on axial magnetic resonance images of the brain. Joubert syndrome with Oro-facial-digital defects (JS-OFD) represents a rare subtype of JSRD. This syndrome is often difficult to diagnose because of its wide range of genotypic-phenotypic variations. Despite its profound oro-facial manifestations, dental literature describing the syndrome is scarce. This is a case report of an 8-year-old boy who reported to the out-patient department of pediatric dentistry with the chief complaint of abnormal front teeth. The child exhibited facial dysmorphism, strabismus, polydactyly of hands and feet along with oro-dental features of a high arched palate and high lingual frenum attachment. MRI report stated the presence of molar tooth sign. Key Words: Joubert syndrome and related disorders, Oro-facial-digital syndrome type VI, molar tooth sign INTRODUCTION Joubert syndrome (JS) was first described by Marie Joubert in 1968 in four siblings with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis who presented with episodic hyperpnoea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and intellectual disability [1,2]. Several years later, it was discovered that JS results from maldevelopment of the midbrain and cerebellar vermis, producing a pathognomonic MTS on MRI [3]. The common term Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) was then coined for the group of conditions presenting with the MTS [4]. The incidence of this clinical entity has not been precisely determined, however, it may range between 1/80,000 and 1/100,000 live births [2] with only about 200 cases that have been reported worldwide[5]. CASE REPORT An 8 year old boy reported to the outpatient Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at the Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore for the evaluation of abnormal front teeth. History revealed that he was a second child of a second degree consanguineous marriage. Figure I is the pedigree chart depicting the patient’s family history. The mother reported delayed attainment of developmental milestones and the child being a â€Å"slow-learner†. On intra-oral examination, the child was in the early mixed dentition stage; the teeth present were first permanent molars, permanent mandibular central incisors, erupting maxillary permanent central incisors , primary left central incisor, primary canines of all the quadrants, primary mandibular lateral incisors and first and second primary molars of all the quadrants. The crown of the primary left central incisor (61) was conical in shape and a developing anterior cross-bite was noticed due to palatally erupting 11 and 21. A high-arched palate and high lingual frenum attachment were also seen. Extra-orally, the patient exhibited facial dysmorphism in form of depressed nasal bridge, broad nasal tip, upper lip notch and his upper lip was short compared to the broad and thick lower lip. Prominent bilateral epicanthal folds, widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism) and a unilateral squint (strabismus) of the right eye were profound facial characteristics. His cranial morphology and hair were apparently normal. Bilateral post-axial polydactyly of both the hands and feet were noticed. The remainder of the systemic evaluation was insignificant. However, the patient showed poor muscular control due to delayed gross as well as fine motor development. On review of the patient’s medical records, it was seen that the possibility of Joubert Syndrome was considered on detection of inferior vermian agenesis and polydactyly on antenatal ultrasonography performed at 28 weeks of intra-uterine life. Eye movements and respiration were reviewed and found to be normal. Foetal MRI was done at another medical center and they considered the possibility of Dandy-Walker anomaly. At 5 months of age, neurologic evaluation was conducted and nystagmus along with very brisk deep tendon reflexes (DTRs 3+ category) was noticed; following which, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was advised. The MRI reports indicated complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis which resulted in median approach of the two cerebellar hemispheres. Superior cerebellar peduncles appeared thin and distinctly defined across the pontomesencephalic cisterns giving the characteristic â€Å"molar tooth sign†. Also the 4th ventricle was slightly dilated and h ad assumed a â€Å"bat-wing† appearance. Inspite of the all the MRI findings being suggestive of â€Å"Joubert sydrome†, neither was any definitive diagnosis made nor any neurological follow-up maintained. With respect to dental treatment rendered, the patient was found to be lacking cooperative ability, but keeping in mind the extreme sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of anesthetic agents, sedation and GA was ruled out. Considering this inability, after extraction of his primary central incisor (61), a lower inclined plane appliance was planned to correct the developing cross-bite. Patient did not cooperate for fabrication of a fixed appliance. Upper and lower primary impressions were made, a removable lower inclined plane appliance with Adams clasps on 75 and 85 was fabricated and delivered to the patient. However, the patient showed poor compliance with the appliance and refused to wear it beyond the third day. Following this, we considered the correction of the cross-bite by constructing a bonded resin-composite inclined plane [6, 7]. The labial surface of the mandibular incisors was etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Scotchbondâ„ ¢ Multi-purpose Etchant, 3M, USA) for 15 seconds, rinsed and dried. An adhesive system (Adperâ„ ¢ Single Bond 2, 3M, USA) was applied and cured for 20s using a visible light cure unit (_______). Composite resin (Filtekâ„ ¢ Z350XT, 3M, USA) was formed into an inclined block 45 degree to the longitudinal axis of the teeth. The height was adjusted so as to maintain the only contact between both arches at the level of these incisors. The inclined plane was polished using a polishing disc. The child was motivated to maintain good oral hygiene and the parents were instructed regarding the maintenance of a soft diet. The child was recalled after 1 day and then 1 week to clinically evaluate the treatment progress. At 1 week interval, edge-to-edge bite was achieved while complete correction of the crossbite took place in 2 weeks. Following this, the composite inclined plane was removed using a diamond point at low speed, the enamel surface was polished and topical fluoride application was done. The child is under regul ar follow-up at our hospital. DISCUSSION The spectrum of Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) comprises all disorders presenting the molar tooth sign (MTS) on brain imaging. JSRD include Joubert syndrome [OMIM#213300], along with any related condition(s) presenting with the MTS, like Varadi-Papp syndrome (or Orofaciodigital type VI, [OMIM%277170]), COACH syndrome [OMIM#216360], Dekaban-Arima syndrome [OMIM%243910], Malta syndrome and a few cases with Senior- Loken syndrome [OMIM#266900]. Till date no major gene has been consistently associated with Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) however, mutations in the TMEM216 gene are known to be seen occasionally[]. All JSRD genes isolated so far, encode for proteins of the primary cilium and thus these disorders fall in the â€Å"ciliopathies† group of disorders [9]. Previously in literature, JS-OFD has also been referred to as Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) or Varadi-Papp Syndrome [10, 11,12]. However, recently, Brancati et al. have discouraged the continued use of such eponyms in favor of a more practical, clinical-genetic classification. They have proposed a classification of JSRDs into six subgroups based on the main organ(s) involvement and the established genotype-phenotype correlates [2]. They classified JSRDs into: Pure JS JS with ocular defect (JS-O) JS with renal defect (JS-R) JS with oculorenal defects (JS-OR) JS with hepatic defect (JS-H) JS with oro-facio-digital defects (JS-OFD) . A diagnosis of JSRD should be suspected in all infants presenting with hypotonia, abnormal eye movements (in particular oculomotor apraxia, but also nystagmus) and developmental delay. The occurrence of abnormalities in the respiratory pattern, i.e. hyperpneas alternating with periods of apnea, reinforces the clinical suspicion of the disease. In these children, a brain MRI is sufficient to confirm or exclude the diagnosis, based on the detection of the MTS. Once a diagnosis of JSRD has been made, children should enter a diagnostic protocol to assess the possible multiorgan involvement[2]. Presence of MTS is considered pathognomic for diagnosis of JS-OFD (or OFD VI). MTS is characterized by presence of a hypoplastic or completely absent cerebellar vermis, which is indicated by the hallmark â€Å"Molar Tooth Sign† found on axial view of brain MRI scan. MTS has not been described in any other type of oro-facial-digital syndrome and its presence allows differentiation of OFD VI from other types [9]. In addition, several other oral, dental and digital malformations are typical of JS-OFD. These have been enlisted in Table I. Recently, Poretti et al. [9] have suggested a diagnostic criterion for OFD VI. The criterion being MTS and one or more of the following: tongue hamartoma(s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notch; mesoaxial polydactyly of one or more hands or feet; hypothalamic hamartoma. These criteria allow the diagnosis to be made even in the absence of oral findings and/or polydactyly. The validity of these criteria needs to be reassessed in additional cohorts of patients and after the identification of major genetic determinants of OFD VI. Along with presence of the pathognomic MTS, our patient showed bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and feet. Mesoaxial hand polydactyly is extremely rare and specific for OFD VI among the JSRD phenotypes, but not consistent in OFD VI because different forms of polydactyly have been previously reported [13,14,15,16]. Moreover, it is to be noted that the syndrome is known to show a high degree of genotypic-phenotypic variations and it’s often difficult to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis. Thus, it can be said that the reported case probably represents variability within OFD VI. Compared with other JSRD subgroups, the neurological findings and impairment of motor development and cognitive functions in OFD VI are significantly worse, suggesting a correlation with the more severe neuroimaging findings [9]. Steinlinet al. [17] suggested that outcomes in JS can be divided into three courses: first, children who die young; second, patients who survive but have severe developmental delay with the development quotient (DQ) being less than 30 along with a variety of visual and motor handicaps; and third, patients whose developmental quotients fall within the mildly delayed range (60-85). A remarkable finding in the case reported was, the level of cognitive development; with intelligence quotient (IQ) being 90 which falls in the â€Å"average† IQ range according to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition (SB5)[18]. So far, normal cognitive functions (without formal IQ assessment) have only been reported in one patient, attending a regular school [ 19]. Despite the fact that Joubert syndrome is very rare in India, an early diagnosis is necessary for genetic counseling and treatment planning. Treatment is mainly symptomatic and includes possible medico-surgical supportive interventions. Also, the diagnosis is important for future procedures that require anesthesia. Of particular caution is that these patients are sensitive to respiratory depressant effects of anesthetic agents like opiates and nitrous oxide. Hence, anesthesia using inhalational induction, controlled ventilation, avoidance of opioids, and close postoperative monitoring is recommended 20]. The prognosis is almost always poor, leading to early death and those who survive usually require supportive care throughout life. Annual evaluation of the growth status, vision and general wellness is recommended. Periodic neuropsychological follow-up should be maintained. REFERENCES Joubert M, Eisenring JJ, Andermann F: Familial dysgenesis of the vermis: a syndrome of hyperventilation, abnormal eye movements and retardation. Neurology 1968, 18:302-303. Brancati F, Dallapiccola B, Valente EM. jJoubert Syndrome and related disorders. Orphanet J Rar Diseases 2010 5:20. Maria BL, Hoang KB, Tusa RJ, Mancuso AA, Hamed LM, Quisling RG, Hove MT, Fennell EB, Booth-Jones M, Ringdahl DM, Yachnis AT, Creel G, Frerking B: Joubert syndrome revisited: key ocular motor signs with magnetic resonance imaging correlation. J Child Neurol 1997, 12:423-430. Gleeson, J. G., Keeler, L. C., Parisi, M. A., Marsh, S. E., Chance, P. F., Glass, I. A., Graham Jr, J. M., Maria, B. L., Barkovich, A. J. and Dobyns, W. B.. Molar toothsign of the midbrain–hindbrain junction: Occurrence in multiple distinct syndromes. Am J Med Genet 2004, 125A:125–134. Choh SA, Choh NA, Bhat SA, Jehangir M. MRI findings in Joubert syndrome.Indian J Pediatr.2009; 76:231–5. Bayrak S, Tunc ES. Treatment of Anterior Dental Crossbite Using Bonded Resin-Composite Slopes: Case Reports. Eur J Dent 2008; 2:303-307. Sari S,Gokalp H,Aras S. Correction of anterior dental crossbite with composite as an inclined plane. Int J Paediatr Dent2001 May; 11(3):201-8. Edvardson S,Shaag A,Zenvirt S,Erlich Y,Hannon GJ,Shanske AL,Gomori JM,Ekstein J,Elpeleg O. Joubert syndrome 2 (JBTS2) in Ashkenazi Jews is associated with a TMEM216 mutation. Am J Hum Genet. Jan 8, 2010; 86(1): 93–97 Poretti A, Vitiello G, Hennekam RCM, Arrigoni F, Bertini E, Borgatti R, Brancati F, D’Arrigo S, Faravelli F, Giordano L, Huisman TAGM, Iannicelli M, Kluger G, Kyllerman M, Landgren M, Lees MM, Pinelli L, Romaniello R, Scheer I, Schwarz CE, Spiegel R, Tibussek D, Valente EM, Boltshauser E. Delineation and Diagnostic Criteria of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type VI. Orphanet J Rar Diseases 2012, 7:4. 10. Patra S ,Purkait R,Samanta T,Bhadra R. Varadi Papp syndrome, an unusual variant of oral-facial-digital syndrome: Report of a rare case. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013 Apr-Jun; 16(2): 289–291. Z Adà ¡m, Z Papp Prenatal diagnosis of orofaciodigital syndrome Varadi-Papp type.JUMOctober 199615:714. Atahan Guven, M., Ceylaner, S., Prefumo, F. and Uzel, M. (2004), Prenatal sonographic findings in a case of Varadi–Papp syndrome. Prenat Diagn, 24:989–991. Rabah M. Shawky,Heba Salah Abd-Elkhalek Elabd,Shaimaa Gad,Radwa Gamal,Shaimaa Abdelsattar Mohammad. Oral–Facial–Digital Syndrome type VI with self mutilations, Egypt J Med Hum Genet (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.05.006 Mauceri L, Greco F, Baieli S, Sorge G. Varadi-Papp syndrome: report of a case. Clin Dysmorphol 2000; 9:289–90. Al-Gazali LI, Sztriha L, Punnose J, Shather W, Nork M. Absent pituitary gland and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis associated with partial ophthalmoplegia and postaxial polydactyly: a variant of orofaciodigital syndrome VI or a new syndrome? J Med Genet 1999; 36:161–6. Haug K, Khan S, Fuchs S, Ko ¨ nig R. OFD II, OFD VI, and Joubert syndrome manifestations in 2 sibs. Am J Med Genet 2000; 91:135–7. Steinlin M, Schmid M, Landau K, Boltshauser E. Follow-up in children with Joubert syndrome. Neuropediatrics 1997, 28(4): 204-11. Kaufman, Alan S.IQ Testing 101. Ed. Springer Publishing, New York; 112,2009. Munke M, McDonald DM, Cronister A, Stewart JM, Gorlin RJ, Zackai EH. Oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (Varadi syndrome): further clinical delineation. Am J Med Genet 1990, 35:360-369. Habre W, Sims C, D’Souza M. Anaesthetic management of children with Joubert syndrome.Paediatr Anaesth1997; 7:251–3.

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux ICI Dulux paints is the worlds largest manufacturer of paints and industrial coating.ICI Dulux trade paints is one of the leading paint manufacturers in Britain and has about 130 outlets in the UK. With the increase in demand for broken colour decorative paints effect, dulux trade paints have launched three new products i.e. Duette, sonata, and acrylic scumble glaze in order to meet the demand and customer preferences. These newly launched are targeted at trade customers in the UK. In this case study we will be discussing various stages of marketing. It consists of three crucial stages, SWOT analysis, Market Segmentation and Branding. TASK 1: The marketing audit is the process of taking stock of an organisations internal and external factors. The marketing audit is a fundamental part of the marketing process. The marketing audit is a major exercise which ranges over all the internal and external factors. There are number of tools which can be used such as PEST, Five Forces Analyses and SWOT Analysis. The first two focuses on external environment and SWOT Analysis is used for both internal and external environment. (Brassington and. Pettitt, 2006a) SWOT analysis is one of the best tools in marketing audit. It involves both internal and external environment. It is the overall evaluation of companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strengths and weaknesses are internal factors and opportunities and threats are external factors. SWOT Analysis enable a business to focus into those areas that present the greatest opportunities and those competencies in which it is strongest. (Pinson, 2001) SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: SWOT Analysis of Dulux Trade Paints: STRENGTHS: It is an internally controlled factor. It enhances the performance of the company. Some of the strengths are as follows: It has a strong brand name and positive reputation in the minds of customers so far them its a great strength of the company ICI Dulux Trade Paints has well established infrastructure. It has a wide range of distribution (merchants and retailers) It has 130 outlets in the UK, the largest of any trade supplier. It provides vide range of colours (52 two-tone colourways). All products are uniquely water-based. WEAKNESSES: It is also an internally controlled factor. It minimizes the performance of the company. Some of the weaknesses are as follows: The major weakness of Dulux Paints is that they dont have their own distribution channels. They have dealers which sell their products in different cities. The public awareness about Dulux paints is not high, mainly because of lack of advertisements and promotions. OPPORTUNITIES: It is an externally controlled factor. Some of the opportunities are as follows: One of the greatest opportunities for Dulux Paints is to increase awareness among the customers regarding high quality paints and newly launched products. Advertisements and promotions can play an important role in achieving it. THREATS: It is also externally controlled factor. Some of the threats are as follows: The biggest threat of Dulux Trade Paints is the increased number of competitors. They are other companies producing the same products; they have captured the market share. So it is a great threat for Dulux Trade Paints. (Kotler. and Keller 2009 ) TASK 2: MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is defined as the process of identifying different groups of users within a market who could possibly be targeted with separate products or marketing programmes. It can also be defined as dividing the market into groups of potential customers with similar needs and purchase behavior. The idea of dividing market into various segments and targeting each segment with a distinct product is the heart of marketing theory. (Croft 1994.) The main objective of market segmentation is to analyse market fully, finding opportunities and to improve companys competitor position and serve the needs of customers. Management must segment the market according to benefit sought. In this case we will apply business to business segmentation. In B2B segmentation we can focus on organisation as well as on individual buyers within it. B2B market segmentation can involve two stages: Macro segments: are those in which we have to identify subgroups within whole market and Micro segments: are those in which we have to select target segments based on specific buying characteristics. In this case we will define few market segments which are most important in this type of industry and upon which Dulux Trade Paints should consider and target. Size of organisation: The size of an organisation is important in any organisation. As far as Dulux Trade Paint is concerned it must fully focus on large organisation because they consume large percentage of goods as compared to small organisations. Dulux is a brand name, they always come up with innovative ideas and new products like Duette, Sonata and Acrylic Scumble glaze so it will be easier to target large organisations like real estate companies, big organisations, hotels, hospitals etc as large organisations need new products time to time in order to be in competition. Dulux has 52 two tone colour ways available which they can offer to company. Dulux paints need to come up with exciting new offers and promotions so as to attract large organisations like free samples, credit facilities, better quality, discounts etc Purchase Organisations: It can be defined as those organisations which purchase goods and services either for themselves or for other purposes. This is an important segment on which Dulux paints must work. These may include Contractors, Interior designers, Architectures. Contractors: A contractor is an individual or group of people that constructs or renovates a building, road etc. Dulux paints must target contractors for supply of paints required for construction purposes. It covers a large area of market. As these newly launched products are very popular so these products must be in demand for contractor also. Dulux must target contractors depending upon nature size and type of contractors. They should come up with new schemes, promotions, discounts and delivery of goods on time so as to ensure demand and supply. Interior Designers: They are professionals who decorate and organise the interior of any house, building etc. nowadays paints are important part of interiors, Dulux paints come up with decorative paints like Duette which is the latest trend in paint industry. So they must target interior designers to use their products in their projects which will increase the popularity of Duette, sonata and acrylic and helps in creating brand name. Trade Outlets: They are important in any organisation. Dulux trade paints have 130 retail outlets in the UK known as Dulux decorator centres, largest number of outlets of any trade supplier. These outlets should be managed properly. Newly launched products such as Duette, Sonata and Acrylic must be available in those outlets so that they will be easily available as there demand is increasing day by day. Their must be proper contact between company and outlets, moreover there must be proper balance between demand and supply. Customers should be provided with proper guidance regarding colour schemes and good product knowledge. If these outlets are properly targeted and maintained it will be the strength of company and also a great threat for competitors. Hence if all those segments are properly targeted and achieved then the company will reach ahead of its goals and will be a huge success. ( Brassington and. Pettitt,2006b) TASK 3: BRANDING AND POSITIONING Once target market segmentation is selected, we have to promote the organisational offerings to its target markets in a better way. This process is called branding and positioning strategy. The organisation must have an offering that differentiates it from the competitors. It should give a clear identity in the mind of the consumers. Branding: A brand is a name, symbol, design or term, or a combination of them used by manufacturers to identify its products from those of competitors. Today, a brand is the result of a synaptic process in the brain. A brand differentiates a product form those of competitors. It can simply be defined as customers perception about your business. (Bed bury and fenichell, 2002) Dulux is a market leader in the paint industry. The consumer is aware about the Dulux brand name It is much easier for Dulux to market its newly launched products like Duette, sonata and Acrylic. However there are some fundamental principles of branding are as follows: Flexibility: Dulux trade paints are flexible with the changing demands and supply. As the demand for broken colours rise they launched new products in the market. It helped the company in achieving good brand name. The customers are aware about the Dulux brand name Quality: The qualities of the products are fair enough as these products are manufactured by other manufacturers. This helps in maintaining good brand name and increase in sales. Product differentiation: The products differ in price, quality and design as compared to competitors. As Duette comes in 52 two-tone colour ways. These products offer all the benefits of traditional glaze. Consistent: Dulux maintain brand promise and brand standard. These products leave a good effect on consumers. The customer is aware about the quality standards. (Kumar and Mittal, 2002) Positioning: The act of designing the organisations image and offer so that it occupies a distinct place in the target customers. It is about the position a brand occupies in the minds of consumers. It starts with the choosing of a segment in which to compete. (Adock, Bradfield and Ross, 1995) Every product needs a positioning strategy so that it gives a clear position about a specific product in the minds of consumers. In this case there are some strategies which can be targeted. Positioning Against or Associating with another product: Dulux trade paints has to position itself as the ultimate solution for achieving the luxury look with great quality. Its main customers are contractors, large organisations, retailers etc. It has to differentiate itself from other paint companies in order to achieve good name and high volume of sales. Benefits/ Needs: Dulux paints have to provide better benefits to the purchaser so that he will stick to the companys products like huge profit margins discounts etc. Quality/Price: They have to provide better quality and low price as compared to their competitors in order to gain orders from large organisations. Product Features: They have to position it as, the presenting classics. They have to identify product features and differentiate it from other products. (Kotler and Scheff, 1997) Hence if position strategy is constructed on those bases then it will prove fruitful to the company. It will help in achieving good brand name and taking the company ahead of its competitors. REFRENCES: Adock, D. Bradfield, R. and Ross, C. (1995) Marketing Principles and Practice (2nd edn.), p 126-129. London, Pitman Publishing Bedbury, S. (2002) A New Brand World: 8 principles for Achieving Brand Leadership in the 21st century, p11-12. USA, Penguin Group. Croft, M.J. (1994) Market Segmentation. London, Solidus Limited. Kumar, N. and Mittal, R. (2002) Advertising Management. India, Anmol Publications Ltd. Kotler, P. and Scheff, J. (1997) Standing Room Only, p115-118. USA, Harvard Business School. Kotler, P and Keller, K.L. (2009) Marketing Management (13th edn.). USA, Pearson International. Pinson, L. (2001) Anatomy of a Business Plan (5th edn.). USA, Dearborn Trade. Pettit, S. and Brassington, F. (2006) Principles of Marketing (4th edn.). London, Prentice Hall.

Cognitive Psych Review :: essays research papers

THE BASICS 1. The role of computation in cognition 2. Marr's levels (barn owl experiment) 1. Computational theory: What is the goal of the computation, why is it appropriate, and what is the logic of the strategy by which it can be carried out? 2. Representation and algorithm: How can this computational theory be implemented? In particular, what is the representation for the input and output, and what is the algorithm for the transformation? 3. Hardware implementation: How can the representation and algorithm be realized physically? 3. The brain as a multidimensional space 4. Awareness and consciousness (Chapter 2) PERCEPTION 5. Generalization (Shepard’s Law states that the further away in psych. Space, the less of a chance of generalization). 6. Categorization categorization: recognize objects as belonging to the same category, without losing information about their differences. categorical perception as distortion of the representation space sigmoidal curve 7. Statistical nature of cognition (Mathematical averages of beauty) 8. Adaptation (page 77) adaptation compensates for the statistical regularities of the world; MEMORY 9. Cognitive maps 10. STM and LTM 11. Meta-memory 12. Schemata LANGUAGE 13. Speech 14. Sentence processing (p. 301-303) 15. Semantic holism Instead, they have meanings only when they hang out with other sentences. Statements about the external world face the tribunal of experience not individually but only as a corporate body." 16. Acquisition the transitional probability from one sound to next will be highest when the two sounds follow one another within a word, whereas transitional probabilities spanning a word boundary will be relatively low. THINKING 17. The frame problem This presented the "frame problem": how to design a system that could, unlike poor C3, infer the persistence of nonchanges, but that could do so automatically — that is, without explicitly storing or accessing frame axioms for them. 18. Modes of reasoning deduction, induction, abduction Inductive reasoning performance will be better when the subjects are asked to judge a frequency instead of the probability of a single event. 19. Impediments to reason (conjunction fallacies [bank teller problem], overconfidence) intuition pumps, 20. Creativity (preparation, incubation, insight, evaluation, elaboration). Preparation - It is almost impossible to have a good new idea without having first been immersed in a particular symbolic system or domain. Creative inventors know the ins and outs of their branch of technology, artists are familiar with the work of previous artists, scientists have learned whatever there is to know about their specialty. One must also feel a certain unease about the state of the art in one's domain.

Social Service Program :: essays research papers

OVERVIEW YPSS must develop a strategy to use the state-funded grant of $100,000. Three proposals for the use of these funds have been drafted. Each project is broken down by requirements, benefits, and costs. The information was gathered through research of community desires and evaluation of the feasibility of these desires. Programs of similar shelters were also examined to determine the approximate costs and benefits of each project. This report presents the details of the proposals along with looking at what the local community wishes to see implemented. The YPSS committee can use this report to determine which of these projects is in the best interests of YPSS and the youths that YPSS serves. CRISIS HOTLINE PROJECT YPSS has been considering this project for approximately 18 months. Until now, YPSS did not have the funding needed to implement such a project. The project costs a total of $78,000. Following is a breakdown of the total cost, along with the start-up costs ongoing funding will be required. Salaries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $36,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training/Recruitment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 8,000 Technical Services  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $14,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miscellaneous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 5,000 Promotional Campaign  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $15,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $78,000 The program involves the set-up of two toll-free telephone lines in a currently vacant backroom office in our main office. Training of three new part-time employees would be necessary. These new employees would be responsible for recruiting and training volunteers from the local community to operate the crisis lines. The hotline will be open 24 hours a day, and would be used primarily by teenagers across the state. Any person in any crisis (i.e. potential runaways, abuse victims, etc.) will have access to the hotline. Implementation of the project would take approximately 6 – 8 months. This time is what is needed for the project to get off the ground. This includes the hiring, training, recruitment of volunteers, etc. Any tangible results would most likely not be seen for 12 – 15 months, or longer. The project is a natural step beyond the two current runaway shelters and the addictions recovery program. These programs have been extremely successful thus far, and the hotline would add an additional side to YPSS that would benefit everyone. ADDITIONS TO RUNAWAY SHELTER #1 This is a project that has been proposed by the counseling staff at youth shelter #1 (called â€Å"Moore House†) within the last three months. The project costs about $95,000. Following is a breakdown of the total cost. In addition, the only continuing costs would be maintaining the salary of the full-time night counselor. Salaries/Training  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $24,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miscellaneous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 3,000

Human Trafficking Essay

Human Trafficking is a crime that’s been rapidly rising and becoming a major issue all over the world. Human trafficking is the trade in humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labor or for the extraction of organs or tissues, including surrogacy and ova removal. Human trafficking happens in many different forms. These forms of human trafficking mostly affect women and children. There are many forms of human trafficking. One of the many forms of human trafficking is sexual exploitation. Sexual exploitation is the taking advantage of their sexuality and attractiveness of a person to make a personal gain or profit. Sexual exploitation has been going on for many years. Most women and children are trafficked for sexual exploitation. Poverty, gender-based discrimination and a history of sexual and physical violence are all factors that can make women and children vulnerable to traffickers. In most cases women and children are abducted and sold, some are deceived into consenting by the promise of a better life or a better job, and some feel that entrusting themselves to traffickers is the only economically viable option. These individuals held and exploited in slavery-like conditions once they are trapped. Most of these women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation suffer extreme violations of their human rights, including the right to liberty, the right to dignity and security of person, the right not to be held in slavery or involuntary servitude, the right to be free from cruel and inhumane treatment, the right to be free from violence, and the right to health. Human trafficking is a high-profit and low-risk endeavor for the traffickers. Traffickers have many tactics to prevent victims from escaping such as physical restraint in the form of locks and guards, physical or psychological violence, drugging or by instilling a fear of the police. The trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation has a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of victims, which could be long term and ultimately life-threatening. Forced labour is another form of human trafficking. Forced labour is any work or services which people are forced to do against their will under the threat of some form punishment. Forced labour is a global problem. The regional distribution of forced labour is: Asia and Pacific: 11. 7 million (56%), Africa: 3. 7 million (18%), Latin America and the Caribbean: 1. 8 million (9%), The Developed Economies (US, Canada, Australia, European Union, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Japan): 1. 5 million (7%) and the Middle East: 600,000 (3%). With increased possibilities for travelling and telecommunications, and with a growing demand for cheap labour in the developed world on the one hand, and increasingly restrictive visa regulations on the other, possible channels for legal labour migration have diminished. Private recruitment agencies, intermediaries and employers may take advantage of this situation and lure potential migrants into exploitative employment. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that there are at least 20. million people in forced labour worldwide. The figure means that, at any given point in time, around three out of every 1,000 persons worldwide are suffering in forced labour. Adults are more affected than children 74% (15. 4 million) of victims fall in the age group of 18 years and above, whereas children are 26% of the total (or 5. 5 million child victims). The state military is responsible for 10% of forced labour which mostly takes place in Burma, North Korea and China. Organ trade is another form of trafficking that’s has become an issue in other countries. Organ trade is the trade involving inner organs (heart, liver, kidneys, etc. ) of a human for transplantation. Trafficking in organs is a crime that occurs in three broad categories. Firstly, there are cases where traffickers force or deceive the victims into giving up an organ. Secondly, there are cases where victims formally or informally agree to sell an organ and are cheated because they are not paid for the organ or are paid less than the promised price. Thirdly, vulnerable persons are treated for an ailment, which may or may not exist and thereupon organs are removed without the victim’s knowledge. The vulnerable categories of persons include migrants, especially migrant workers, homeless persons, illiterate persons, etc. It is known that trafficking for organ trade could occur with persons of any age. Organs which are commonly traded are kidneys, liver and the like; any organ which can be removed and used, could be the subject of such illegal trade. Trafficking in organ trade is an organized crime, involving a host of offenders. The recruiter who identifies the vulnerable person, the transporter, the staff of the hospital/clinic and other medical centers, the medical professionals, the middlemen and contractors, the buyers, the banks where organs are stored are all involved in the racket. It is a fact that the entire racket is rarely exposed and therefore, the dimensions are yet to be appropriately fathomed. In conclusion, human trafficking is a global issue that has been going on for thousands of years. Governments all around the world should take control of these issues and try to better protect the women and children affected by human trafficking.

Porters 5 on Kraft Foods

Revenue 49 billion Second largest company behind nestle Employs 125,000 Its five brands are divided into 5 main sectors snacks,beverages,grocery,and convient meals Sanja khosia is the president of kraft His 7 step bussiness model is to drive growth is DISCOVERY: find out what works STRATEGY: focus through lenses VISION: find a simple hook EXECUTION: clarify and deligate ORGANIZATION: build collaborative networks METRICS: manage numbers and tell stories Headquartered in Northfield, Illinois, Kraft Foods (KFT) is the largest food and beverage company in the U. S. , and is the second biggest worldwide.Kraft was founded in 1903 by James L. Kraft and, after inventing pasteurized processed cheese not requiring refrigeration, would eventually go public as the Kraft Cheese Company. Kraft bought cream cheese producer Phenix Cheese Company in 1928 and was subsequently bought by the National Dairy Products Corporation. By 1976, company would change its name to Kraft Inc, and in 1979 the company merged with Dart Industries to become Dart & Kraft. This new company would eventually spin off its nonfood divisions with the remaining food entity known as Kraft Inc yet again. Phillip Morris Companies bought Kraft in 1988 for $12. billion and merged it with General Foods in 1985 and Nabisco in 2000. Kraft was spun off by Altria Group in 2001 and is now a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Kraft features some of the best known brands in the world including Jell-O, Chips Ahoy! , Oreo, Cool Whip, Capri Sun, Crystal Light, Planters, Fig Newtons, Kool-Aid, Kraft cheeses, Maxwell House, Nabisco, Oscar Mayer, Ritz, Shake ‘n Bake, and Stove Top stuffing. Kraft Competitors: * Tier 1 Competitors: General Mills (GIS), Kellogg Company (K), Conagra Foods (CAG) * Tier 2 Competitors: J;J Snack Foods (JJSF), Ralcorp Holdings (RAH), PepsiCo (PEP), H.J. Heinz Company ——————————————â €”—- Kraft Foods' (KFT) Mission Statement Our Vision†¦ Helping People Around the World Eat and Live Better Our vision captures the essence of who we are. Everything we do flows from our vision. We just don't happen to be a business that sells food – it's what we're all about. Our vision is about meeting consumers' needs and making food an easier, healthier, more enjoyable part of life. Our vision tells the world – our employees, customers, consumers and the communities where we make and sell our products – what we care about.It captures the importance of health and wellness, but it also embodies all the ways we can eat and live better, such as the enjoyment of a dessert, the convenience of a microwave meal, the safety and value of our products and the services and solutions we provide. These six values are what we stand for, the standard of conduct we hold ourselves to and our commitment to the people who work with us, invest in us, and purchase our products. They plainly communicate what the world can expect of Kraft and what we must expect of ourselves. Our Values†¦Innovation – Satisfying real-life needs with unique ideas Quality – Fulfilling a promise to deliver the best Safety – Ensuring high standards in everything we make Respect – Caring for people, communities and the environment Integrity – Doing the right thing Openness – Listening to the ideas of others and encouraging an open dialogue These six values are what we stand for, the standard of conduct we hold ourselves to and our commitment to the people who work with us, invest in us, and purchase our products. They plainly communicate what the world can expect of Kraft and what we must expect of ourselves.Company Description As a top company in the Food industry Kraft Foods specialize in food processing producing beverage, cheese and dairy, snack foods, confectionery, convenience foods and cereals with well known bran ds such as Vegemite, Terry's chocolates, Ritz, Pretzels, Philadelphia cream cheese, Maxwell House, Kraft Sandwich Spread, Capri Sun and A1 Steak Sauce. Business Industry – Food The general business activity and principal products or commercial enterprise of Kraft Foods are categorized as being part of the Food Industry. Kraft Foods SloganA slogan is a short, memorable catch phrase, tagline or motto used to to identify a product or company in advertisements. The advertising slogan, or business slogan most associated with Philadelphia cream cheese produced by Kraft Foods, is: â€Å"A little taste of heaven. † Kraft Foods Mission Statement and/or Vision Statement Mission Statements and Vision Statements are written for customers and employees of corporations. A Mission Statement can be defined as a sentence or short paragraph written by a company or business which reflects its core purpose, identity, values and principle business aims.The definition for a Vision Statement is a sentence or short paragraph providing a broad, aspirational image of the future. Kraft Foods Vision Statement: â€Å"Helping People Around the World Eat and Live Better. † Useful Definitions about a company such as Kraft Foods Useful definitions related to a company, like Kraft Foods, businesses and corporations – all useful business information. A company is a form of business organization in which ownership is established through the issue of shares. A corporation, termed as a limited company in the UK (Ltd. ), are legal entities separate from the persons that form it.A company or corporation is recognized by the law to have rights and responsibilities like actual people. The names of companies are the names by which corporations are identified, such as Kraft Foods. The word â€Å"company† may refer to a partnership or to a sole proprietorship so the names of many business corporations end with â€Å"Ltd. â€Å",†Inc. † or â€Å"Plc† reflecting the Limited Liability if companies or businesses fail, in which case neither the shareholders nor the employees are held liable for debts. Public companies are listed on the Stock Exchange and their shares are available for the public to invest in. make today delicious† Tuesday, September 6, 2011 Kraft Food's Mission Statement Helping People Around the World to Eat ; Live Better Kraft's mission is to provide fun, healthy food for people to enjoy. Their mission statement informs us that they care about their consumers. Their  values are innovation, quality, safety, respect, integrity, and openness. They strive as a company to communicate with the world reassuring them they're a trusted company with their products. Kraft Foods Inc. (KFT) – Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review Summary Kraft Foods Inc. (Kraft Foods) manufactures and markets snacks, confectionery, and quick meal products worldwide. Kraft Foods is number 1 US food company and number 2 wo rldwide. It is principally engaged in manufacturing and marketing of packaged food and beverages. The various products offered by the company include cheese, dinners, dressings, coffees, meats, biscuits, cream cheeses, powdered beverages and chocolates. The company markets its products under the brand names of Kraft, Maxwell House, Oscar Mayer, Oreo, LU, Philadelphia, Jacobs Coffee, Carte Noire, Tang, Milka Chocolates, LU Biscuits, Cote d’Or, Lacta and Toblerone.Kraft Foods operates in over 80 countries and sells its products in over 170 countries across the world. Kraft's $19 billion acquisition of Cadbury became final in 2010. As of June 1, 2010, the company owned 100% of all outstanding Cadbury shares where as in February, 2010 it had 73. 71% shares. The company is headquartered in Northfield, Illinois, the US. Kraft Foods Inc. Key Recent Developments†¦ Apr 13, 2010: Kraft Foods Inks Multi-year Agreement With Capgemini Mar 18, 2010: Kraft Foods Plans To Reduce Sodium In North American Products Feb 16, 2010: Kraft Foods Q4 Operating Profit Surges, Revenues UpFeb 09, 2010: Epsilon To Support Direct Marketing Initiatives Of Kraft Foods Jan 19, 2010: Cadbury Accepts Kraft’s $19. 7bn Takeover Offer This comprehensive SWOT profile of Kraft Foods Inc. provides you an in-depth strategic SWOT analysis of the company’s businesses and operations. The profile has been compiled by GlobalData to bring to you a clear and an unbiased view of the company’s key strengths and weaknesses and the potential opportunities and threats. The profile helps you formulate strategies that augment your business by enabling you to understand your partners, customers and competitors better.International bussiness unit revenue is   27% They have strong research and development 11 food research and development centers 2400 food scientists and chemist . There weakness is they have trouble producing and launching new products. Threats feirce competition Recal ls Consumers may not have as much confidence in kraft products Lawsuits Strengths Kraft has a strong brand image What should they take out Many of kraft products are often high in cholesterol and they contain processed meats One of the   worst unhealthy food kraft produces is lunch box.Combo meals Eight out of 43 are deemed sensible meal solutions The cracker ham and cheddar combo is the least healthy. Combo meal aft Foods Vision Statement – Kraft Foods Business Description The importance of the Kraft Foods Vision Statement should not be underestimated. As a highly successful company in the Food industry Kraft Foods specialize in food processing producing beverage, cheese and dairy, snack foods, confectionery, convenience foods and cereals with well known brands such as Vegemite, Terry's chocolates, Ritz, Pretzels, Philadelphia cream cheese, Maxwell House, Capri Sun and A1 Steak Sauce.The Kraft Foods Vision Statement describes the values, services and the company's vision f or the future. Kraft Foods Vision Statement We hope that the Kraft Foods Vision Statement together with our definitions, hints and tips will provide you with inspiration to develop your own successful explanatory paragraph which will prove to be suitable for your associates, customers and .Kraft Foods Vision Statement – Kraft Foods Business Description The importance of the Kraft Foods Vision Statement should not be underestimated. As a highly successful company in the Food industry Kraft Foods specialize in food processing producing beverage, cheese and dairy, snack foods, confectionery, convenience foods and cereals with well known brands such as Vegemite, Terry's chocolates, Ritz, Pretzels, Philadelphia cream cheese, Maxwell House, Capri Sun and A1 Steak Sauce.The Kraft Foods Vision Statement describes the values, services and the company's vision for the future. Kraft Foods Vision Statement We hope that the Kraft Foods Vision Statement together with our definitions, hints and tips will provide you with inspiration to develop your own successful explanatory paragraph which will prove to be suitable for your associates, customers and employees.

Developing Regionalism

Developing Regionalism 1790 * South produces 3,135 bales of cotton * Scarcely 100,000 white settlers lives in Trans-Appalachia * Great cities such as Chicago and Pittsburgh are still small villages * Land companies start hawking vast areas of New York, Ohio, and Kentucky to prospective settlers * Huge increase in national population start 1793 * Eli Whitney develops cotton gin, designed to strip fibers from the seeds. Speed up laborers’ work and raised value of southern land, opened economic opportunities 1800 Average farm at this time is no more than 100 to 150 acres, due to division of farms* Nearly 20 percent of male taxpayers in southeastern Pennsylvania are single (evidence that young men delayed marriage until they could establish themselves financially. ) * Southern agriculture is in disarray†¦ low prices, land exhausted for its fertility, and the loss of laves during the revolutionary war left Chesapeake economy in shambles * Absentee landlords have engrossed much of present-day West Virginia, Tennessee, and western Carolinas. 1803 * Georgia and South Carolina alone import 20,000 new slaves 1805 Cotton accounts for 30 percent of the nation’s agricultural exports * Human tide appears to grow in trans-Appalachia. 1808 * Slave trade ends 1810* Number of people living in trans-Appalachians grows to 1 million 1820 * South’s cotton output mushrooms to 334,378 bales 1830 * As Northeast’s population and demands grow, the region’s once heavily forested landscape depletes. * Dramatic changes in port cities of Northeast: region contains four cities of more than 50,000 * Cities in trans-Appalachia like Chicago and Pittsburgh hold 30 percent of nation’s population. New York finally establishes safe and adequate water supply with the construction of the Croton Aqueduct. * Indian-White Relations 1790 * Vast areas of trans-Appalachians still controlled by Native American tribes * Federal govt. starts to establish policies that would govern Indian-White relations* Non-intercourse act of 1790: declares that public treaties that were ratified by Congress would be the only legal means of obtaining Indian land. 1793 * Congress appropriates $20,000 to promote literacy, agriculture, and vocational instruction among Indians. 794 * President Washington sends General Anthony Wayne to smash Indian resistance in Northwest. White settlers won against Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Treaty of Grenville is passed, opening the heart of the Old Northwest to white control. 1799 * Iroquois prophet, Handsome Lake begins preaching combination of Indian and white ways: temperance, peace, land retention, and a new religion combining elements of Christianity and traditional Iroquois belief. 1808 * Cherokee National Council adopts a written legal code combining elements of U.S. and Indian Law 1809 * Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa start to warn regional tribes about the dangers that would come. They form al liances and established headquarters and Kithtippecanoe. Tecumseh carries his message south to the Creek and Cherokee, seeming very bitter. 1811 * Even though southern tribes refuse to join, more than 1,000 fighting men gather at Kithitippecanoe. 1813 * Red Sticks (fighting Creeks) carries out series of devastating raids and assaulted Fort Mims on the Alabama river, killing 500 men, women, and children. 1814 Climax of Creek War: While American cannon fire rakes the Red Stick’s town of Tohopeka, Cherokee warriors cut off all hope of retreat. More than 800 Native Americans dies afterwards as Andrew Jackson finishes his victory with destroying the rest of the Red Stick towns. 1820 * More than 1,300 black slaves in the Cherokee nation. 1822 * Congress abolishes factory system where Indians would go for fairer treatment 1824 * Tribal law forbids intermarriage with blacks in Cherokee nation. 1827 * Cherokee National Council devises written constitution similar to those of nearby st ates.Council also issues bold declaration that Cherokee were an independent nation with full sovereignty over their lands. 1829 * Cherokee government makes it an offense punishable by death for any member of the tribe to transfer land to white ownership without the consent of tribal authorities. Perfecting a democratic society 1790 * Second Great Awakening starts to sweep across nation. Americans by the tens of thousands sought personal salvation and social belonging in the shared experience of religious revivalism. * Charitable institutions in the nation are only at around 50. Establishment of female academies starts.* 20% of Methodist church members are black 1794 * Bethel African American Methodist Church in Philadelphia is organized by Richard Allen and small group of black Methodists. 1800 * 20 year old slave Gabriel devised a plan to arm 1,000 slaves for an assault on Richmond, VA. 1805 * New York’s Mayor DeWitt Clinton asks state legislature for help 10,000 impoverishe d New Yorkers/ 1814 * Relief agencies assist nearly 1/5 of the city’s population. 1816 * Women and children suffers disproportionately from poverty, outnumbering men. American Colonization Society found: supported colonizing free blacks in western Africa enjoyed widespread support among northern white men and women. 1819* Depression of economy: triggered by financial panic caused by the unsound practices of hundreds of newly chartered state banks 1820 * Depression was lifting, but left behind broken fortunes and shattered dreams * Most blacks in northern cities lived in autonomous households * In New Orleans, free blacks accounted for 46 percent of the black population. 1823 Proslavery mob in Illinois torches state capital and threatens Governor Edward Coles for his efforts to end de facto slavery in the sate 1829 * One of every 10 residents in Cincinnati was black, city leaders announces that they would begin enforcing Ohio’s black laws by requiring black residents to carry certificates certifying their free status. 1830* Rich cultural ad institutional life takes root in the black neighborhoods of American cities. War of 1812 1810 * Election of 1810 brings Congress new members, firmly Jeffersonian in party loyalty but impatient with administration’s foreign policy and demanding tougher measures 1812 Madison declares war against Britain: due to general British arrogance and America’s continuing humiliation * Emotions ran high among Federalist critics and Jeffersonian Republican supporters of the war. Bloody riots emerge in Baltimore. Several people were badly beaten in the streets. 1813 * Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats British fleet on Lake Erie. Marked an impressive American victory in war of 1812 and ends any threat of British invasion from Canada and weakens British-Indian alliance that menaces American interests in the region. 1814 August- British troops torch Capitol in Washington DC* December- Hartford Convention: 5 New England states meet to debate proposals for secession. * Christmas Eve- Treaty of Ghent ends war, British agreed to evacuate western posts, but ignores other outstanding issues. 1815 * Andrew Jackson’s smashing victory against British and New Orleans- Most dramatic American triumph but had little to do with the war’s outcome. * Nation starts to focus energies around internal development- occupying more land, building economy, and reforming American Society Politics in Transition 816 * Madison signs bill creating second Bank of the United States to help stimulate economic expansion and regulate the loose currency-issuing practices of countless state-chartered banks 1820* Henry Clay with National Republicans proposed more tariffs and internal improvements in the American System 1824 * Election of 1824: Adams wins, marks the fall of the Federalist-Jeffersonian party system * Louisa Catherine Adams: launched strong campaign for Adams in the election of 1824, showing women’s increase role in politics.