Analysis Of The Book Problems Of Philosophy By...

Bertrand Russell, was a famous British logician, mathematician, essayist, and philosopher. He has made many contributions on certain subjects, most notably the subject of philosophy. One of his most influential works in philosophy was the book â€Å"Problems of Philosophy†. In this book, he addresses certain philosophical issues that tend to be a problem in terms of what is true or false in our universe. In this essay, chapter one and two will be analyzed. These chapters will explain Bertrand Russell’s beliefs in terms of certainty through the idea of appearance and reality and the existence of matter. â€Å"Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?† (Russell 7). Russell begins his first chapter by explaining the difficulty in the question stated above. This question is difficult because many of us tend to assume the information we have received as true. But in reality, there may not be enough evidence to support whether a certain topic is true or false. The problem Russell faces in this chapter is the concept of appearance and reality. How can we truly know what real or what is apparent? The only way to find a solution to this problem is to use philosophy, through the method of critical thinking. To look for certainty, we need to be able to doubt the information that we have already gained. The question, as well as the problem stated above, sets the foundation for the rest of chapter in this book. â€Å"Any statement as to what it isShow MoreRelatedBertrand Russell on Analytical Philsophy Essay example1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it - Bertrand Russell, The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. Bertrand Russell was born in 1872 in Wales, England as a member of a famous British family. He received a degree from Trinity Cambridge College with honors in Mathematics and Moral Sciences. His most famous works included the subjects of logic and philosophy, which were deeplyRead MoreComparing Frege And Russells View On Proper Names1687 Words   |  7 Pages It is plausible to think of Frege and Russell as both being descriptivists about proper names. In what sense is that so? Why do they accept descriptivism? On the other hand, the two theories are very different. How so? Do you think Russell s view or Frege s view is superior? 2032431 Gottob Frege and Bertrand Russell are descriptivists, this is apparent with regard to proper names. I demonstrate how their theories are different from each other with respect to proper names, sentencesRead MoreThe Description Theory of Meaning Essay2375 Words   |  10 PagesThe description theory of meaning was proposed independently by Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege as a response to some of the fallacies of the reference theory. Description theorists propose that instead of being a simple ‘word - world relationship’, meaning is derived from descriptions associated with certain objects and stored in our mind (or senses in Frege’s case). Frege and Russell’s accounts of the theory differ subtly in how they view descriptions. Several objections have been made againstRead MoreLife after Death Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesLife after death is a topic of controversy in which Bertrand Russell and John Hick discusses the idea of whether it is possible to h ave life after death. Russell addresses his argument against the idea through his brief essay titled â€Å"The Illusion of Immortality† (1957). In addition, Hick also discusses the topic through his work â€Å"In Defense of Life after Death† (1983) of why life after death is a plausible idea. In this paper I will be discussing Russell’s argument against the belief of life afterRead MoreGraduation Speech : Becoming A Teacher1539 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome observant on the world around them.Too often, field trips can be a hassle with in the school but there are other options such as virtual field trips that can visually give students a culturally experience. Students will also experience through books the meaning of diversity and the importance of it. Undoubtedly, class discussions and individual perspectives of each student towards a specific topic would lead to class participations and respect of other views. America has always been describe asRead MoreEthical dilemmas Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pagesof comparative justice: judgments that can help navigate the seas of ethical dilemmas in business, such as the one presently at hand. In the analysis presented in this paper, diagnosis of injustice, identification and compartmentalization of motives of key players will figure often as anchors for support of my final recommendation. Philosophical Analysis John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill would argue that Kathryn’s absences from work are correct in that they advance her happiness but are incorrectRead More How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised4647 Words   |  19 Pages17th century that provided the motivation for his work. We can discern three distinct influences on Descartes, three conflicting world-views that fought for prominence in his day. The first was what remained of the mediaeval scholastic philosophy, largely based on Aristotelian science and Christian theology. Descartes had been taught according to this outlook during his time at the Jesuit college La Flech_ and it had an important influence on his work, as we shall see later. The Read MoreLogical Positivism3339 Words   |  14 Pagesmeaningfulness of statements (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy). Logical positivism is the school of thought that attempts to introduce the methodology and precision of mathematics and the natural science into the field of philosophy. The movement, which began in the early twentieth century, was the fountainhead of the modern trend that considers philosophy an analytical, rather than a speculative inquiry (Passmore). As a school of philosophy, logical positivism â€Å"combines positivism with a versionRead More Does Life Have a Meaning? Essay3084 Words   |  13 Pagessources available to them for both self maintenance and reproduction. Underlying this deceptively persuasive definition, however, lie those persistent traditional problems inherent in the search for an essential, distinctive substance characteristic of all forms of life. Additionally, as evolution theory makes clear, there is the problem of borderline instances, organisms of which it is not easy to say whether or not they may be defined as being alive. One such case is that of the virus. VirusesRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 PagesBranches of philosophy The following branches are the main areas of study: †¢ Metaphysics investigates the nature of being and the world. Traditional branches are cosmology and ontology. †¢ Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification. †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of how

Securities Of Stocks And Bonds Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1550 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In the finance market, organization or people that are lack of money can be borrow money from those having money to lend out in the financial market. They are many different of finance market due to different type of people needed in different situation. The financial market are to deal with different types of financial instruments such as stocks or shares, bonds, notes, mortgages and other claim on real assets. Finance market operate as the spot market and future market. Spot market happens when the deals being brought or sold for on the spot delivery. Future market happens when the deals being brought or sold for on the future delivery at future date that is determined. Firstly, money markets happens when the financial market dealing with short- term, highly liquid debt securities in which funds are borrowed or loaned for short period of time that are not less than one year. The capital market is the financial market dealing with stocks or shares, intermediate o r long-term debts in which funds are borrowed or loaned for long period of times especially more than one year. Mortgage market is the financial market dealing with loans on residential, commercial, industrial real estate and farmland. The consumer credit markets is the financial market dealing with loans on autos and appliances or can be used in education ,vacation and so on. The primary market is the financial market in which corporations raise capital by issuing new securities or new shares. The secondly market is the financial market in which the existing and already outstanding securities or other financial assets are traded among investors after they have been issued by the corporations. The initial public offering market (IPO) is the finance market which the firm or corporations go publicby offering securities or shares to the public for the first time. Lastly, private market is the financial market in which the transactions are worked out privately and directly between two p arties without going to public where the transactions may be structured in any manner that appeals to the two parties. Example of private market is bank loan and placement of debts with insurance companies. There are three ways for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market. Firstly, a direct transfer from savers to borrower. It takes place when a business corporation sells its stocks or bonds directly to savers. It is without going any type of financial institution. The business corporation acts as a borrower whereas saver acts as a money leader. Thus, the business corporation delivers its securities to savers then savers will give back the money to the business corporation after a moment. By this, the fund or capital is directly transferred from savers to business corporation. The direct transfer from savers to businesses corporation are possible and do occur on occasion. But, it is generally more efficient for a business to enlist the services o f an investment banking house such as Merrill Lynch. This type of organization help the corporations design securities with features that are currently attractive to investors. Then, it will buy these securities from the corporations and resell them to savers. This process is really one primary market transaction although the securities are sold twice. By this, the investment banker acts as a facilitator to help transfer capital form savers to businesses. Savers Borrower Dollars Secondly, an indirect transfer from savers to borrowers through investment banking house. Investment banking house is an organization that underwrites and distributes new investment securities and helps businesses to obtain finance. This method takes place when an investment banking underwrites the issuance of corporations securities. At this times, the investment banking house serve as a middleman . Therefore, it can be facilitate the issuance of corporations securities by purchasing the secu rities of corporation. Then, it is resell to the same securities of the corporation to savers so that the money paid back by the savers for purchase the securities of corporation are passed by the investment bank. Next, it is received by the corporation which acts as a borrower. Thus, the corporation s securities and the savers money merely conducted through the investment banking house. By this, the capital or fund is indirectly transferred through investment banking house from savers to corporation which acts as a borrower. Securities Securities Investment Banking House Savers Business Dollars Dollars Lastly, an indirect transfer from savers to borrowers through a financial intermediary. A financial intermediary is specialized financial firms that used to facilitate the transfer of funds from savers to demanders of capital. This method is takes place when a financial intermediary like a bank or a mutual fund obtains fund from savers. It is to issue its o wn securities or certificate of deposit to savers. Therefore, the financial intermediary will uses the fund that is collected from savers to purchase and to hold the securities of other corporations as investments. In this condition, the capital or fund is transferred from savers to financial intermediary when savers pay money to financial intermediary in exchange for receiving certificate of deposit or securities issued by the financial intermediary. Next, it is return back the financial intermediary will further transfer this fund to other corporation by paying money out of the fund to purchase securities of other corporation. But, most of the savers prefer to hold certificate of deposit and the securities of financial intermediary. It is because the savers think that they are safer and more liquid than mortgages and loans. It definitely cause financial intermediaries greatly increases the efficiency of money and capital markets. The financial intermediaries do more simple than tr ansfer money and securities between firms and savers. It help to create new financial products. The financial intermediaries are generally large due to gain economies of scale in analyzing the creditworthiness of potential borrowers, in processing and collecting loans, pooling risks and helping individual savers diversify by that is not putting all their financial eggs in one basket. Moreover, a system of specialized intermediaries can put money into banks and get both interest income. This system is a convenient way of making payments for checking or can put money into life insurance company. Then, it can get both interest income and protection for the customers benefit. Intermediarys securities Savers Businesss securities Financial Intermediary Business Dollars Dollars An investing banking house is an organization that underwrites and distributes the new issue of business corporations securities to assist corporation. It is help to obtain fund for financ ing. Examples of investment banking house are Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley Dean Witter. They are mainly in foreign country. In Malaysia, there are consist of CIMB Bank, Maybank , Affin and so on. There are various type of financial intermediaries for the fund transfer form savers to borrower. Firstly, commercial banks are traditional departmental store of financewhich acts as a wide variety of savers and borrowers. In past times, commercial banks were the major institutions that handled checking accounts and through which Fedcral Reserve System expanded the money supply. Now, commercial banks are providing an ever-widening range of services. There are include stock brokerage services and insurance. Commercial bank are lend out money to borrowers whereas investment banks assists business corporation to raise capital or fund from savers. Secondly, savings and loan associations are tranditionally served individual savers and residential and commercial mortgage borrowers . Iit is co llect funds from many small savers and then lend out this money to house buyers and other types of borrowers The most significant economic function of savings and loan association is used to create liquidity in capital market. Then, mutual savings loan are similar to savings and loan associations. It is to accept savings from individuals and then lend out money mainly on a long-term basis to house buyers and consumers. The credit unions are cooperative associations whose members are supposed to have a common bond . So, the unions collect savings from members and then loan to other members who need funds to finance their auto purchases, house improvement and house mortgage. It is often the cheapest source of funds available to individual borrowers. Pension funds are retirement plans that are funded by government agencies or corporations for their worker and administered. It is done by the trust departments of commercial banks or by life insurance companies. Pension funds invest prima rily in bonds, stocks, mortgages and real estate. Next, life insurance companies done by agent to collect savings in the form of annual premiums. These, the funds is invested in stocks, bonds, real estate and mortgages. Finally, it make a payments to the beneficiaries of the insured parties. Recently, life insurance companies also had to offer a many variety of tax-deferred savings plans designed to provide benefits to the participants when they retire. Lastly, mutual funds is formed when they collect funds from savers to used buy stocks, long term bonds and short-term debt instruments issued by businesses or government units. They pool funds from all savers so that can reduce risks by the investment diversification. Economics of scale achieved in analyzing securities, managing portfolios, buying and selling securities. Different mutual fund are to meet the objectives of different types of savers for different purposes. Bond funds for who desire safety, stock fund for used as intere st bearing checking accounts like money market funds. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Securities Of Stocks And Bonds Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order

Medical Imaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay

Medical Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial features of alteration in brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited to reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobiles and/or speed limits, increased incidence of thrill seekers, as well as increased sensitivity of medical imaging modalities. The development of certain imaging protocols has made diagnosis of TBI’s more common. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has paved the way in the imaging and identify process of TBI’s. There are different levels of severity in TBI’s and the diagnostic imaging and the associated application of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is crucial. The GCS is a point scale in which a clinician can r ate the severity of a brain injury and use a numeric value to objectively track progress or decline in the patient’s health. In some cases, the TBI may inflict secondary vascular trauma in which the GCS may assist in detecting. Physicians have coined the term â€Å"silent epidemic† to describe TBI’s.1 This means TBI’s can go undetected; therefore the patient with the TBI may go untreated. Even with computed tomography (CT) being the leading imaging modality in detecting TBI’s,Show MoreRelatedImaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesImaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries: An Investigative Report INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial characteristics of altered brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited for reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobilesRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pages Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the result of an external force against the head that causes displacement of the cranial structures, either through impact with an object or through acceleration and deceleration. TBI is not isolated to a single ethnic group, socioeconomic class, or region (Berquist et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2013). In 2002, the United States had the highest incidence of reported TBI cases of any developed country. The incidence of hospital admissions due to closed head injuriesRead MoreRecent Epidemiological Studies Have Linked Mild Traumatic1509 Words   |  7 Pageslinked mild traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for dementia. Estimated that 100 to 300 per 100,000 people seek medical attention for mTBI annually worldwide. Due to not all persons with mTBI seeking medical attention it is estimated that 600 per 100,000 have a mTBI annually. Epidemiological evidence suggests that moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Chronic Traumatic EncephalopathyRead MoreAcupuncture Treated Patient Who Received A Traumatic Brain Injury From A Snowboarding Accident Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesThis case report illustrates the improvement of an acupuncture-treated patient who received a traumatic brain injury from a snowboarding accident. The patient progressed from initially not being able to walk, having difficultly with speech, and poor eyesight, to where he has now regained significant motor function, speech and vision and has returned to snowboarding. This case shows the beneficial effects of acupuncture when tailored to the patient’s condition. Through a core acupuncture protocolRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On Our Society1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe human brain is an enormously complex and intricate structure; however, it is incredibly susceptible to injury and irreversible damage. Traumatic brain injuries can affect any member of the population at any given moment, damaging vital areas of the brain responsible for an entire spectrum of tasks, most of which are often taken for granted. Numerous medical professionals are involved in the rehabilitation of patients that sustain traumatic brain injuries. Because traumatic brain injuries have suchRead MoreQeeg Patterns708 Words   |  3 Pageswhile the patient engages in cognitive tasks reflect specific deficiencies in brain functioning. The article provides a theoretical and empirical base for QEEG interventions with TBI. Keywords EEG biofeedback
Traumatic brain injury
Cognitive rehabilitation
Activation QEEG
Memory rehabilitation
Cognitive challenge An estimated 5.3 million Americans currently have disabilities resulting from a traumatic brain injury. One study asserts that there are no clear unique TBI, EEG or QEEG featuresRead MoreConcussions Or Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries958 Words   |  4 Pagesmild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) are the most common forms of traumatic brain injury. There are between 1.6 and 3.8 million concussions a year that occur due to sports and recreation accidents alone (CDC). Mild concussions and MTBIs were once thought to be insignificant in terms of consequences. However, there now is significant evidence that neurological even with what is thought to be a mild injury, physiological, and cognitive changes can occur. Individuals sustaining mild brain injuries oftenRead MorePhineas Gage Suffers a Traumatic Brain Injury1289 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreThe Effects Of Death And Disability On Young People1489 Words   |  6 PagesHead (Brain) injury is known as a major public health problem that is a frequent cause of death and disability in young people, Among the many challenges that survivors of traumatic brain injury must face, behavior problems rank among the most difficult. Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a type of brain injury that occurs when trauma causes damage to the brain. It can cause when a person s head suddenly or violently hits an object, or an object hits the person, and damages the brain tissue. ARead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Can Ruin Your Entire Life1617 Words   |  7 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Can Ruin Your Entire Life Head (Brain) injury is known as a major public health problem that is a frequent cause of death and disability in young people, Among the many challenges that survivors of traumatic brain injury must face, behavior problems rank among the most difficult. Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a type of brain injury that occurs when trauma causes damage to the brain. It can cause when a person s head suddenly or violently hits an object, or an object

The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare - 939 Words

Throughout the Anglo-Saxon world, stories were often on the ways people passed on lessons and stories without actually writing things down. These epics would be passed from one another through verbal communication and were based around different aspects of life for a someone of Anglo-Saxon descent. The story Beowulf is a perfect example of how Anglo-Saxons based their stories around their beliefs on how a hero should behave. Around the time the story was first told, people were often terrified of the horrible things in the world. The character Beowulf was built around how a hero would be represented in these times by having honor in battle and gives self-sacrifice for the good of the people. For every epic, the central character followed the same guidelines about how they were presented. â€Å"The epic hero is the central character of an epic. This character is a larger-than-life figure, typically of noble or semi divine birth, who pits his courage, skill, and virtue against opposi ng, often evil, forces.† (Pg 34, Epic Hero) Whenever the story of Beowulf begins, we learn Beowulf already has a larger than life reputation for his previous endeavors. Beowulf only increases his status throughout the story by slaying the monsters plaguing King Hrothgar s kingdom. Later in his life, Beowulf only increases his reputation by being one of the greatest kings his kingdom has ever seen. In the story, he demonstrates otherworldly powers, which one could argue meanShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1549 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is one of the earliest and most famous works of English literature, and is still widely read today. However, over a thousand years has passed since it was written down in England, and even longer since it was originally spread by word of mouth in the old norse lands, and our values and concepts of the world are radically different than the people of Beowulf’s age. Although the epic Beowulf shows their concept of simplistic duality, in which there is only black and white, good and evil, theRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare932 Words   |  4 Pageshave the values of being kind and modest. Before Beowulf arrived to Herot he was known for his heroism, which was shown again and again during the fight with Grendel, the fight with Grendel’s mother, and his final battle with the dragon. While his heroism was shown at each of these events, there were changes in his heroic nature over time. Regardless of these changes, he was still seen as the mighty hero throughout the epic poem of Beowulf. As Beowulf was making his voyage to Herot from Geatland toRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare977 Words   |  4 Pageslooking at a culture’s epic tales and heroes one can get an insight to the culture’s values and traits that are noble to them. Beowulf, as an epic hero, is a direct representation of the ideal man as seen through Anglo-Saxon eyes. In looking at the poem Beowulf and analyzing the characteristics of the epic hero, it will become evident the desired attributes that were desired in the Anglo-Saxon culture: physical strength, pride, bravery, selflessness, and loyalty. An epic hero is a person thatRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare953 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is one of the most well known pieces of literature in history. Written between 700 and 1000 AD, this poem has captured the minds of scholars, historians, and readers across the globe. However, despite the fact that it has been passed down for numerous centuries, perhaps one of its most fascinating characteristics are the intriguing battles that Beowulf, the protagonist, takes on. Throughout this epic poem, Beowulf takes on many battles, all of which are practically unwinnable. Each battleRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1549 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is one of the earliest and most famous works of English literature, and is still widely read today. However, over a thousand years has passed since it was written down in England, and even longer since it was originally spread by word of mouth in the old Norse lands, and our values and concepts of th e world are radically different than the people of Beowulf’s age. Although the epic Beowulf shows their concept of simplistic duality, in which there is only black and white, good and evil, theRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare935 Words   |  4 Pageshis life for the good of others , well Beowulf was both. In the novel Beowulf , to me, the main theme of the entire story is heroism. Beowulf is your knight in shining armor or your fire fighter who goes into a living hell to save a kitten. Heroism is scattered all over this epic poem. Sure paganism and christianity are in it as well as good vs evil but they are not as i would say the backbone of Beowulf. to prove my opinion I shall gather quotes from the epic novel would strongly aid the fact thatRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1176 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen nearly fifteen movies that were made after â€Å"Beowulf†. It may be due to the fact that â€Å"Beowulf† is one of th e most famous epic poems in the English Literature history. It is also the oldest surviving epic poem to date. â€Å"Beowulf† was written in 10000 AD in Old English by an author who remains unknown. In â€Å"Beowulf†, there are many important literary elements that help empathize the main motif of the poem. The motif of this poem is courage. Beowulf is about courage and it is shown through the charactersRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1401 Words   |  6 PagesAnglo-Saxon focus qualities. A champion amongst the most prestigious works from that time period is Beowulf. The story tells us of how one man, Beowulf, sails to the rescue of King Hrothgar and his kinfolk remembering the final objective to extra them from a horrifying beast that is undermining their lives and additionally their way of life. The warrior Beowulf without a doubt demonstrates characteristics of an epic legend through valor, dedication, generosity, family relationship, accomplishi ng somethingRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1836 Words   |  8 PagesBeowulf is one in a sea of many epic poems exemplifying battle, glory, great leaders, and, inevitably, death. Classic plot lines have followed the general flow of such stories from exposition to conflict to resolution, the majoity thriving off of a hero-villan mentality. The battle between good and evil has been perpetuated throughout history in literature and story. The media today suffers from the clear segregation of right and wrong just as much as society did in the days that Beowulf was firstRead MoreThe Heroes Of The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1292 Words   |  6 PagesEpics consists of benevolent or disastrous intervention from the supernatural world, and the superhuman capabilities that the heroes and antiheroes occupy. Tales like these represent the characteristics of what heroes are considered to be during the time they were written; however, they follow a specific formula , namely that the Gods intervene in the lives of the hero and, that the hero is burdened with a tragic flaw. In Virgil’s Aeneid, it is Aeneas’ dangerous disobedience to the ordinances of the

Oedipus the King by Sophocles Free Essays

Karina Lazcano Oedipus the King by Sophocles English Literature Anderson Many will argue that fate cannot be escaped in Oedipus the King by Sophocles, where the main character is portrayed as a tragic hero with a predetermined fate. Both the concept of fate and freewill played an innate part in Oedipus’ downfall. The play suggests that fate dominates over free will. We will write a custom essay sample on Oedipus the King by Sophocles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oedipus never had control of his fate; the day his mother gave birth to him, his parents attempted to kill him in order to prevent the prophecy. â€Å"True: it is not from me your fate will come. That lies within Apollo’s competence, as it is his concern† (75, 159-160). Oedipus fate was the God’s will that damned him since birth. Fate mastered free will when Oedipus’ pride overruns his arrogance and leads him to leave the parents he thought were his biological parents. Only to come that his arrogance drove him closer to his biological parents and doomed by the curse of Thebes. Consequently, Sophocles points out that as much as free will takes place, life is predetermined. Oedipus tries his best to avoid the prophecy that Teiresias predicted; that he will murder his father and marry his mother. Oedipus tried to change his fate by moving away, in reality it only brought him closer to his crossroads fate. Jean de La Fontaine once said, â€Å"A person often meets his destiny on the road he took to avoid it. † Oedipus confronts his biological father in an intersection, then killing his father with his bare hands, just as the oracle that was told to him. Killing King Laios started a new problem; Thebes was now under a new plague that leads Oedipus the King to find the murderer of the King Laios. â€Å".. The Sphinx was performing here, What help were you to these people?†¦ But I came by, Oedipus, the simple man, who knows nothing- I thought it out for myself, no birds helped me! †(75, 175-182) Pride and confidence led Oedipus, the King of Thebes to guide and protect his people but in reality Oedipus’ free will only created a path, for which prolonged the search of the murderer of Laios. Oedipus promises that â€Å"once more [he] must bring what is dark to light† (71, 134). Creating new problem that he will save the people from the plague by finding the murderer of King Laios, in which ironically he is trying to save from himself. According to Fosso, â€Å"thebe’s plague, and have lived on in happy albeit plague-ridden ignorance†¦. his happiness would simply be that of not knowing that he had fulfilled his horrible destiny†. Even though the plague was caused by Oedipus himself he finally figured out the truth about his birth, Iocaste also figured out before her suicide that fate itself was inevitable. Even though Laios, Iocaste, and Oedipus all tried to escape their fate, it was bound to be sooner or later. Iocaste told Oedipus she was positive his fate was not to become true, because she is skeptical of prophecies. Since at first Iocaste thought that her son was dead, she sent for his death and her husband was killed by a group of thieves but she slowly uncovers the truth and tries to slowly tie Oedipus down for comfort. â€Å"Why should anyone in this world be afraid, since fates rules us and nothing can be foreseen? A man should live only for the present day. Have no more fear of sleeping with your mother: how many men, in dreams, have lain with their mothers! No reasonable man is troubled by such things† (84, 64-69). She becomes upset of Oedipus’ attempts to find out the truth about his birth. Iocaste plays two roles in the play, as a mother and as a spouse. When Iocaste realizes that the prophecy did come true, she tries to tell him that the future does not matter. At the end Oedipus does not take in mind her advice, it is brutal for her as she knows what will happen and kills herself. Teiresias also plays a big role in the play as he has Oedipus begging for the truth. â€Å"But I say that you, with both your eyes, are blind: You cannot see the wretchedness of your life, nor in whose house you live, no, nor with whom. Who are your father and mother? Can you tell me? You do not even know the blind wrongs that you have done them but the double lash of your parents’ curse will whip you out of this land someday, with only night upon your precious eye†(75, 196-205). Tiresias predicts that Oedipus will end up blind and out of Thebes . Oedipus denies almost all of it and disrespects him. But Teiresias himself knows his inevitable fate. The play shows that fate is unavoidable without regard of the things done to avoid it. When Iocaste and Oedipus himself try to avoid the truth, Iocaste finally realizes that her ex-husband Laios, and herself could not defy fate. Everything that I say is for your own good! †(86, 147) Iocaste then tries to become a mother figure for Oedipus and intends to steer him away from his promise to the people of Thebes. King Oedipus used his power to help him find the truth, in which he was blinded himself from. Seeking the truth was Oedipus own free will, nobody else made the decision to seek the murderer of The bes but himself. His arrogance did not allow him to question himself. In a nutshell, Oedipus feels a sense of remorse as he realizes all the pain he has cause for his family and himself. But the blinding hand was my own! How could I bear to see when all my sight was horror everywhere? † (90, 112-13) However, now that he is blind he can now â€Å"see† his madness. At this point we see all pride, all arrogance set aside as Oedipus confesses that his freewill worked hand in hand with his fate. Oedipus was ultimately controlled by fate and not free will. Oedipus lost his wife, he lost his eyesight, and he lost his children, and lost his crown. To a certain extent, we see Oedipus downfall, his pride and arrogance led to this discovery which resulted in him losing everything that he had. Oedipus’ overall attempt of free will to raise his level of the gods and trying to avoid his own fate failed. Works Cited Dudley, Fitts, and Fitzgerland Robert. â€Å"Oedipus the King (. 430 B. C. ). † Trans. Array. Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 1977. 67-93. Print. Apr. 2013 Fosso, Kurt. â€Å"Oedipus crux: reasonable doubt in Oedipus the King. † College Literature 39. 3 (2012): 26+. Literature Resource Center. Web. Apr. 2013. Jean de La Fontaine . â€Å"A person often meets his destiny on the road he took to avoid it. † Think exist. Web. Apr 2013. How to cite Oedipus the King by Sophocles, Papers

Prevent & Reduce the Effect of NSI on Nurse-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Occupational Health Management- Needle Stick Injuries (NSI) in Nurses in healthcare industry. Answer: Introduction According to WHO, an occupational health hazard is a harmful process, material, human action or situation that may lead to physical or mental injury, death or harm to other aspects of health at an individuals workplace. Nurses have a significant contribution in service provision in the healthcare system. However, they experience numerous occupational hazards while performing their duty. These hazards could be biological, chemical, physical or psychosocial in nature. In this assignment, the hazard of needle stick injury is reviewed. The review is prepared to evaluate that how needle stick injuries are manifested while healthcare delivery and the way they harm the nurses. The relevant legislations, codes and guideline pertaining to occupational health of Australian judicial system are also reviewed. The standard practice that should be followed by the healthcare organisation to eliminate or minimise the risk of development of needle stick injury are analysed. Lastly, the review is conc luded with the key findings from the main discussion. Literature Review In the 2006 World Health Report Working Together for Health on human resources, it was informed that there is a shortage of healthcare professional globally and the shortage has reached the level of crisis in 57 countries. It was also established that in several countries, one of the main causes of health staff attrition was unsafe working conditions. They reported the occupational hazards like injuries, occupational infection like HIV, etc. to be a demotivating cause for healthcare workforce. WHO global burden of disease from sharps injuries among health workers revealed that 37% of the cases of hepatitis B among health professionals was due to occupational exposure to the causal microorganism (WHO). The NSI is the one of the most common occupational accidents (Riddell, Kennedy, Tong, 2015) and hollow-bore needles and disposable syringes are the chief sources of injury (Cho, Lee, Choi, Park, Yoo, Aiken, 2013). Needle stick injuries are one of the leading causes of exposure to blood borne pathogens for nurses. It is reported that in 1999, there were 30 needle stick injury events per 100 beds in US hospitals (OSHA - Safer Needle Devices, 2012). Needle stick injuries lead to mild to severe infection and infection contributes to a significant number of morbidity and mortality cases associated with nursing and therapeutic procedures. According to a study conducted by Orji, Faasubaa, Onwudiegwu, Dare and Ogunniyi, needle stick injuries were the second most prominent occupational hazard followed only by work related stress in the obstetrics and gynaecology unit (Orji, Faasubaa, Onwudiegwu, Dare, Ogunniyi, 2009) According to Negin Masoudi Alavi, needle stick injuries result in development of communicable diseases and increases the likelihood to exposure to microorganisms present in infected blood which can cause fatal disease like HIV, HBV, etc. among the nurses which can impact their health severely (Willburn, 2004). The numbers of occurrences of needle-stick injuries in ayear in the healthcare facilities are estimated to be between 600000 and 80000 (Alavi, 2014). According to Perry, Jagger and Parker the leading causes of exposure are injections accounting for about 21% of incidents, suturing responsible for 17% incidents, and extracting blood owing to 16% of total cases (Perry, Jagger, Parker, 2003). According to Wilburn and Eijkeman, there are certain determinants of needle-stick injuries like over usage of syringes and other avoidable sharp equipment (WILBURN EIJKEMANS, 2004). Other factor responsible for NSI incidents are lack of throwaway syringes, harmless needle apparatuses, and disposal containers for sharp devices. Shortage of nursing staff, post-use recapping of needles, hand to hand handling of equipment in the OT, unawareness regarding hazards (Trim, 2004)and no training are some of the other risk factors of the NSI for nurses in the healthcare setting (Pruss-Ustun, Rapiti, Hutin, 2003). Nurses also don not have adequate information about the legislation, policies and procedures that manage the occupational health and safety in an organisation. According to Clarke, Sloane and Aiken, those nurses who were working in departments with shortage of staff and poor organizational climates faced two times more chances of reporting needle stick inuries and near misses as compared to the nurses working in adequately staffed unit with sound organizational climate. Therefore, it can be concluded that staffing and organizational climate also impacts the chances of nurses suffering from needle stick injuries. They suggested that eradicating the issues of understaffing, lack of support from administration, and bad morale can decline the rates of NSI (Clarke, Sloane, Aiken, 2002). According to Ghosh, nurses when get exposed to infected blood, blood products or other potential infectious materials, then they face the likelihood of developing blood borne infection. The nurses in different departments like emergency, laboratory, housekeeping, etc. are at the risk of occupational hazard. The extent of the risk is evaluated by the total infected patients in the setting, the incidence of exposure, duration of exposure to infected substance but there is always a chance that infection can occur with a single NSI too (Ghosh, 2013). Legislations, codes and guidelines According to Australian Government, the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 offers an outline to safeguard the health, safety and welfare of all the staff at work, in this case that is nurses at the healthcare establishments and everyone who may get impacted by the work. The Act provides a definition for the primary health and safety duty on a worker performing a business or undertaking (PCBU). Also there is a code of Practice, which offers practical guidelines for employees who have duties under the WHS Act. It also provides regulations to tackle health risks and safety. Apart from that, large firms should develop specific health and safety policies and procedures to affirm their duties and responsibilities for the employees. The policies must involve appropriate employees responsibilities as well(Tatelbaum, 2001). Standard practices to prevent and reduce the effect of NSI on nurses in healthcare settings The best practice to deal with the risks and harms of occupational hazard is to remove the hazard. The injections should be substituted by changing route of administration of medicines like medications can be given via mouth, nose or local application. All the unnecessary sharp instruments and needles must be removed from the practice (Sossai., et al., 2016). Other options that can be used as an alternative for syringes and sharps are jet injectors, towel clips and needleless intravenous systems. The healthcare organisations must ensure to practice engineering controls like retractable needles, or needles that blunt immediately after use (Harris Handelman, 2011). Equal focus should be put on administrative controls. The healthcare organisations should ensure that the required policies and guidelines are formulated and practiced. They should also ensure that adequate hazard training is given to the nurses in order to minimise exposure to the hazard (Nsubuga Jaakkola, 2005). The training should be reviewed at regular intervals (KEOREKILE, 2015). The healthcare organisations can create a dedicated committee, the needlestick injury prevention group to eliminate this occupational hazard from their settings. The healthcare employers must also allocate resources for the purpose of safety of healthcare workers especially nurses who are prone to this hazard. An exposure control strategy should be devised by the hazard professionals. Likewise work practice controls should also be placed by the healthcare professional. Syringes that can be recapped should not be used, sharps containers should be held at eye level within an arms reach, the sharps containers should be checked frequently as stated in the policy guidelines. The sharps containers should be emptied before they are completely full. A safe means to handle and pass the sharps should be established prior to initiating any procedure. The Personal protective equipment (PPE), that is the hurdles and enablers of a hazard should be specifically taken care of by the nurses. The examples involve eye goggles, face shields, gloves, masks, and gowns (Ndejjo, Musinguzi, Yu, Ssempebwa, 2015). There are certain steps that can be taken to avoid infections from exposure of nurses to infected blood. Apart from that certain measures after the exposure via NSI should also be taken like prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs can lower the risk of HIV infection by 80% (Owie A panga, 2016) Conclusion It is important to understand that nurses form an essential element of the healthcare system. The global shortage of nurses proves their significance as well as the aversion associated with this profession. One of the biggest off-putting reasons for nursing profession is the immense number of occupational hazards that are linked with it like musculoskeletal pain, stress, fatigue, NSI and subsequent infections. The data related to NSI are alarming and indicates that practical standard policies should be formulated, reviewed and maintained at every level beginning from governmental to organisational. A thorough risk assessment should be done along with the regular hazard audit. There are certain engineering, administrative and work place controls that should be followed by the healthcare facilities as well as the nurses. Bibliography Alavi, N. M. (2014). Occupational Hazards in Nursing. Nurs Midwifery Stud, 3(3). Cho, Lee, Choi, Park, Yoo, Aiken. (2013). Factors associated with needlestick and sharp injuries among hospital nurses: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud., 50(8), 1025-32. Clarke, Sloane, Aiken. (2002). Effects of Hospital Staffing and Organizational Climate on Needlestick Injuries to Nurses. Am J Public Health, 92(7), 1115-1119. Ghosh, T. (2013). Occupational Health and Hazards among Health Care Workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 3(1), 1-4. Harris, J., Handelman, E. (2011). Needlestick Safety and Prevention Law. KEOREKILE, O. (2015). OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS ENCOUNTERED BY NURSES AT LETSHOLATHEBE II MEMORIAL HOSPITAL IN MAUN, BOTSWANA. UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO, SOUTH AFRICA. Ndejjo, R., Musinguzi, G., Yu, X. J., Ssempebwa, J. (2015). Occupational Health Hazards among Healthcare Workers in Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 3. Nsubuga, F. M., Jaakkola, M. S. (2005). Needle stick injuries among nurses in sub?Saharan Africa. TMIH. Orji, Faasubaa, Onwudiegwu, Dare, Ogunniyi. (2009). Occupational health hazards among health care workers in an obstetrics and gynaecology unit of a Nigerian teaching hospital. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 22(1), 75-78. OSHA - Safer Needle Devices. (2012). Needlestick Injuries 2012 Update Course Number 3461. Retrieved April 13, 2018, from https://www.medceu.com/index/index.php?page=get_coursecourseID=3461nocheck Owie, H. O., Apanga, P. A. (2016). Occupational Health Hazards Prevailing among Healthcare Workers in Developing Countries. Journal of AIDS Clinical Research, 7. Perry, Jagger, Parker. (2003). Nurses and needlesticks, then and now. Nursing, 33(4), 22. Pruss-Ustun, Rapiti, Hutin. (2003). Sharps injuries: global burden of disease from sharps injuries to health-care workers. Geneva: World Health Organization. Riddell, Kennedy, Tong. (2015). Management of sharps injuries in the healthcare setting. BMJ. Sossai., Guardo, M. D., Foscoli, R., Pezzi, R., Polimeni, A., Ruzza, L., et al. (2016). Efficacy of safety catheter devices in the prevention of occupational needlestick injuries: applied research in the Liguria Region (Italy). J Prev Med Hyg, 57(2), 110-114. Tatelbaum. (2001). Needlestick safety and prevention act. Send to, 4(2), 193-195. Trim, J. C. (2004). Raising awareness and reducing the risk of needlestick injuries. Nursing Times. WHO. (n.d.). Occupational health. Retrieved April 13, 2018, from World Health Organisation: https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/hcworkers/en/ WILBURN, S. Q., EIJKEMANS, G. (2004). Preventing Needlestick Injuries among Healthcare Workers: A WHOICN Collaboration. INT J OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH, 10, 451456. Willburn, S. (2004). Needlestick and Sharps Injury Prevention. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 9(3)